Foreword by James Arden Barnett, Jr.
Foreword by Robert J. Cox
Foreword by Ingar Skaug
Preface
Acknowledgments
VOLUME 1
1 Maritime Terrorism: An Overview of Challenges and Responses
Yonah Alexander
A Definitional Perspective
Historical and Contemporary Threats
Responses: Unilateral and Multilateral
Observations and Conclusions
2 Maritime Security and Terrorism: Some Interdisciplinary Perspectives (1981)
History of the High Seas: Moral Defense for a Maritime Civilization
Jeffrey St. John
The Role of Maritime Industry in Defense of 'Free World' Nations
Admiral (Ret.) Thomas H. Moore
International Terrorism: Unconventional Warfare
Yonah Alexander
Maritime Terrorism
Brian Jenkins
Status of 'Free World' Maritime Contingency Planning
D. N. Cassidy
Status of 'Free World' Maritime Contingency Planning
Paul Wilkinson
Status of 'Free World' Maritime Contingency Planning
RADM Wayne E. Caldwell
Offshore Terrorism: Are We Prepared?
Congressman Carroll Hubbard
Offshore & Maritime Pipeline Facilities
Paul Wilkinson
Shipping & Maritime Terminals
Col. (Ret., U.S. Army) Douglas G. Macnair
Maritime Security—A National Dilemma
Capt. (Ret., USCGR) A. Robert Matt & Robert L. Patcha (Ret., USCGR)
3 Achille Lauro Hijacking: Case Study (1985)
Selected Executive Statements
On the Achille Lauro Hijacking Incident
Larry M. Speakes
Principle Deputy Press Secretary
October 10, 1985
Remarks and a Question-and-Answer Session with Reporters
President Ronald Reagan
October 11, 1985
"On the Italian Government's Release of Palestinian Terrorist, Abu el Abbas"
Larry M. Speakes
Principle Deputy Press Secretary
October 13, 1985
Selected Congressional Statements
Mr. Arafat Owes the World Some Explanations
Congressman Charles E. Schumer
October 9, 1985
The Ugly Face of Terrorism
Senator Mark O. Hatfield
October 10, 1985
Resolution Condemning the Murder of Leon Klinghoffer
Congressman Ted Weiss
October 10, 1985
Striking Back
Congressman Bob McEwen
October 11, 1985
Condemning Egyptian Actions in the Achille Lauro Affair
Congressman Harry Reid
October 15, 1985
Cutting Off Aid to Egypt
Congressman George Darden
October 16, 1985
America's Allies Offer Scant Support of Antiterrorism Efforts
Congressman Eldon Rudd
October 16, 1985
Victory over Terrorism
Congresswoman Barbara A. Mikulski
October 17, 1985
The Killing of Leon Klinghoffer by International Terrorists aboard the Achille Lauro
Senator Robert Byrd and Senator Allen K. Simpson
March 27, 1986
Commemorating Achille Lauro's 10th Anniversary
Senator Alfonse M. D'Amato
October 26, 1995
Court Case
Ilsa and Lisa Klinghoffer v. Achille Lauro, 1991
4 USS Cole Bombing: Case Study (2000)
The Investigation into the Attack on the USS Cole, May 2001 Report of the House Armed Services Committee Staff
Executive Summary
Introduction
The Genesis of the HASC Investigation
The Department of Defense and Department of the Navy Investigations
The Navy Judge Advocate General Manual (JAGMAN) Report
U.S. Central Command and Its Area of Responsibility
The U.S. Policy of Engagement
Intelligence
Collection
Analysis
Dissemination
Threat Levels and Threat Conditions
Vulnerability Assessments
Force Protection
The Navy's Antiterrorism/Force Protection Training Program
Force Protection Measures and the Rules of Engagement
Operational Issues
Appendices
Appendix A: Summary of Observations and Recommendations
Appendix B: List of Briefings and Interviews
Appendix C: Threat Condition (THREATCON) Measures
5 Threats and United States Responses to Maritime Challenges
Border Protection and Customs
Federal Law Enforcement
Admiral James M. Loy
Department of Transportation, United States Coast Guard Before the Committee on Government Reform, Subcommittee on Criminal Justice, Drug Policy, and Human Resources
December 5, 2001
Port Safety
Douglas M. Browning Deputy Commissioner, U.S. Customs Service
Before the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science and Transportation Subcommittee on Surface Transportation, and Merchant Marine
July 2, 2002
U.S. Customs Service's Counterterrorism Efforts at Home and Abroad
Robert C. Bonner
U.S. Customs Commissioner
Foreign Press Center Briefing, Washington DC
January 14, 2003
CBP Expands Enforcement of the 24-Hour Rule
Customs and Border Protection, United States Department of Homeland Security
May 1, 2003
Review of CBP Actions Taken to Intercept Suspected Terrorists at U.S. Ports of Entry
Office of Inspector General, U.S. Department of Homeland Security
June 2006
Port Security
The Interim Final Regulations on Port Security
Admiral Thomas H. Collins
U.S. Coast Guard
Before the House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation
July 22, 2003
"President Discusses Port Security"
President George W. Bush
Office of the Press Secretary, The White House
February 21, 2006
"Testimony of Susan J. Monteverde"
Vice President American Association of Port Authorities
Before the House Appropriations Committee Subcommittee on Homeland Security
February 13, 2007
Container Security
Container Security
Capitan Anthony Regalbuto
United States Coast Guard
Before the House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Marine Transportation
March 13, 2002
Container Security Initiative: 2006–2011 Strategic Plan
Office of Policy and Planning
Office of International Affairs, Container Security Initiative Division, United States Customs and Border Protection, Department of Homeland Security
August 2006
United States Government Accountability Office "Supply Chain Security"
To the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation, Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, Subcommittee on Investigations, and the House Committee on Energy and Commerce
January 2008
Transportation Security
International Maritime Security
MichaelJ. Crye
President, International Council of Cruise Lines
Before the House Committee on Government Reform, Subcommittee on National Security, Emerging Threats, and International Relations, and the Subcommittee on Criminal Justice, Drug Policy, and Human Resources
December 13, 2005
6 U.S. Organizational Structure: The Role of the Executive
Interagency Framework
"Combating Terrorism: Interagency Framework and Agency Programs to Address the Overseas Threat"
GAO Report
May 2003
The White House
"National Maritime Day Proclamations"
President George W. Bush
2001–2007
Maritime Security Policy
National Security Presidential Directive NSPD-41/ Homeland Security Presidential Directive HSPD-13
December 21, 2004
The National Strategy for Maritime Security
The White House
September 2005
Department of Homeland Security
Fact Sheet, Port Security: A Comprehensive Approach
U.S. Department of Homeland Security, Office of the Press Secretary
June 2003
Secure Seas, Open Ports: Keeping Our Waters Safe, Secure, and Open for Business
United States Department of Homeland Security
June 21, 2004
DHS Announces West Coast Maritime Radiation Detection Project
Department of Homeland Security, Office of the Press Secretary
September 5, 2007
United States Coast Guard
Port and Maritime Security Strategy
Admiral James M. Loy
United States Coast Guard
Before the House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation
December 6, 2001
Coast Guard and America's Security
United States Coast Guard 2002
Before the Gathering Storm
Admiral Thomas H. Collins
National Defense University Distinguished Lecture Program, Washington DC
October 9, 2002
A Cooperative Strategy for Twenty-First-Century Seapower
Admiral Thad W. Allen
Commandant, U.S. Coast Guard, Department of Homeland Security Before the House Armed Services Committee, U.S. House of Representatives
December 13, 2007
Department of Transportation
Port Security: A National Planning Guide
United States Department of Transportation 1997
Security of U.S. Ports
The Honorable Norman Y. Mineta
Secretary of Transportation
Before House Committee on Transportation and Infrastructure, Subcommittee on Coast Guard and Maritime Transportation
December 6, 2001
The Security of Our Seaports
William G. Schubert
Maritime Administrator
Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Technology, Terrorism, and Government Information
February 26, 2002
Department of Defense
Hearing on the President's FY 2005 Budget Request for the Department of Defense
General Richard B. Myers, USAF
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
Before the Committee on Armed Services
May 12, 2004
A Cooperative Strategy for Twenty-First Century Seapower
United States Navy, United States Marine Corps, and United States Coast Guard
October 2007
Commanders Discuss AFRICOM and Maritime Partnership
General William Ward and Admiral Henry Ulrich
Commander, U.S. Africa Command and Commander, U.S. Naval Forces Europe United States Department of Defense, Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Public Affairs)
October 15, 2007
Federal Maritime Commission
Remarks by Harold J. Creel
Chairman, Federal Maritime Commission 2nd International Gwangyang Port Forum Gwangyang, Korea
April 25, 2002
Scanning the Horizon: Some Observations on the Changing Maritime Scene
Steven R. Blust
Chairman, Federal Maritime Commission At the Plimsoll Club, New Orleans, Louisiana
October 27, 2006
State Department
Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea
Maureen O'C. Walker
Acting Deputy Director, Office of Oceans Affairs
U.S. Statement to the United Nations Open-ended Informal Consultative Process on Oceans and Law of the Sea New York, New York
May 10, 2001
International Outreach and Coordination Strategy for the National Strategy for Maritime Security
United States Department of State
November 2005
Preventing Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) Terrorism in the Maritime Supply Chain
Thomas Lehrman
Director, Office of Weapons of Mass Destruction Terrorism
Maritime Security Expo
New York, New York
September 20, 2006
Accession to the 1982 Law of the Sea Convention and Ratification of the 1994 Agreement Amending Part XI of the Law of the Sea Convention
John D. Negroponte
Deputy Secretary, U.S. Department of State Before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee
September 27, 2007
Federal Bureau of Investigation
Homeland Security: Facilitating Trade and Securing Seaports
James F. Jarobe
Special Agent in Charge, Federal Bureau of Investigation Before the House Committee on Government Reform, Subcommittee on National Security, Veterans Affairs, and International Relations
August 5, 2002
Covering the Waterfront—A Review of Seaport Security since September 11, 2001
Gary M. Bald
Acting Assistant Director, Counterterrorism Division Federal Bureau of Investigation
Before the Senate Judiciary Committee, Subcommittee on Terrorism, Technology, and Homeland Security
January 27, 2004
The Federal Bureau of Investigation's Efforts to Protect the Nation's Seaports
Audit Report 06–26 Office of the Inspector General-Audit Division, United States Department of Justice
March 2006
International Cooperation
Q&A Session
Admiral Thomas Fargo
USN Commander, U.S. Pacific Command Before the House Armed Services Committee
March 31, 2004
U.S. Coast Guard International Maritime Security Strategy
Vice Admiral D. Brian Peterman
Commander Atlantic Area, U.S. Coast Guard 6th Regional Seapower Symposium for the Navies of the Mediterranean and Black Sea Countries Venice, Italy
October 10–13, 2006
VOLUME 2
7 U.S. Organizational Structure: The Role of the Legislature
Selected Congressional Research Service and Government Accountability Office Reports
Maritime Security: Progress Made in Implementing Maritime Transportation Security Act, but Concerns Remain
Margaret Wrightson
Director, Homeland Security and Justice Issues
Government Accountability Office
Before the Senate Committee on Commerce, Science, and Transportation
May 17, 2005
Maritime Security: Potential Terrorist Attacks and Protection Priorities
John F. Frittelli and Paul W. Parfomak
Analysts in Transportation, Resources, Science, and Industry Division Congressional Research Service Report for Congress
January 9, 2007
Maritime Security: The SAFE Port Act Status and Implementation One Year Later
Stephen L. Caldwell
Director, Homeland Security and Justice Issues Government Accountability Office
Before the House Committee on Homeland Security Subcommittee on Border, Maritime and Global Counterterrorism
October 20, 2007
Congressional Hearings
Seaport Security Hearing in Seattle
Senator Patty Murray
July 1, 2002
Department of Homeland Security Law Enforcement Efforts at U.S. Ports of Entry
Representatives Howard Coble, North Carolina, and Robert C. Scott, Virginia
Opening Statements
Before the House Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on Crime, Terrorism, and Homeland Security
March 15, 2005
Legislation
Protecting America's Ports, Maritime Transportation Security Act of 2002
United States Department of Homeland Security, Office of the Press Secretary
July 2003
Presidential Statement on the Port Security Improvement Act of 2006
President George W. Bush
The White House, Office of the Press Secretary
September 14, 2006
8 International Perspectives: Regional and Global
Regional Perspectives
Southeast Asia
ARF Statement on Cooperation against Piracy and Other Threats to Security
Association of Southeast Asian Nations Regional Forum
June 17, 2003
APEC and Maritime Security Measures
Ambassador Makarim Wibisono
Chairman of the APEC Counterterrorism Task Force
Presented to the APEC High-Level Conference on Maritime Security
Manila, Philippines
September 8–9, 2003
Regional Cooperation Agreement on Combating Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships in Asia
ReCAAP Agreement, Tokyo, Japan
November 11, 2004
The Batam Joint Statement of the 4th Tripartite Ministerial Meeting of the Littoral States on the Straits of Malacca and Singapore
Batam, Indonesia
August 2, 2005
Factsheet on the Regional Cooperation Agreement on Combating Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships in Asia (ReCAAP)
ReCAAP Information Sharing Center
November 29, 2006
Counterterrorism in Maritime Operations
Philip Ruddock
Attorney General, Australia
Port and Maritime Security and Counterterrorism Summit 2007 Langham Hotel, Melbourne, Australia
May 1, 2007
Africa
Pirates Pursue American Ship
U.S. Overseas Security Advisory Council, Safety & Security Sub-Saharan Africa—Somalia
December 22, 2006
Coordinated Action Urged as Piracy Threatens UN Lifeline to Somalia
Joint Communiqué, IMO Briefing 23
International Maritime Organization
July 10, 2007
Africa Command: A Historic Opportunity for Enhanced Engagement—If Done Right
Dr. J. Peter Pham
Director, the Nelson Institute for International and Public Affairs James Madison University
Before the House Committee on Foreign Affairs, Subcommittee on Africa and Global Health
August 2, 2007
Public Announcement
East Africa Consular Affairs Bulletins U.S. Overseas Security Advisory Council
August 31, 2007
South America & the Caribbean
Naval Forces from Eight Countries Train to Protect Panama Canal
Press Release
Embassy of the United States, Panama
August 10, 2004
Argentina Becomes the First South American Country to Sign Container Security Initiative Declaration of Principles
U.S. Customs and Border Protection
Office of Public Affairs
May 11, 2005
Information on Port Security in the Caribbean Basin
Stephen L. Caldwell
Director, Homeland Security and Justice Issues, General Accountability Office
Government Accountability Office Report Summary
June 29, 2007
Global Multilateral Perspectives
European Union (EU)
EU Presidency Statement—Piracy at Sea
EU statement in discussion panel B: Combating Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea, European Union at United Nations, New York City
Dr. Marie Jacobsson
Alternate Head of Delegation of Sweden on behalf of the European Union
May 10, 2001
An Integrated Maritime Policy for the European Union
Communication from the Commission to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee, and the Committee of the Regions, Commission of the European Communities, Brussels
October 10, 2007
NATO
Combating Terrorism in the Mediterranean
Vice Admiral Roberto Cesaretti
Commander, NATO Operation Endeavour NATO Review, North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Autumn 2005
Combating Terrorism at Sea
NATO Active Endeavour Briefing: NATO Naval Operations, Proliferation Security Initiative, NATO Public Diplomacy Division, North Atlantic Treaty Organization
June 2006
United Nations
Convention on the High Seas
United Nations
April 29, 1958
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea Overview and Full Text
United Nations
Office of Legal Affairs, Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea
December 10, 1982
Maritime Security, ISPS Code Implementation, Costs, and Related Financing
UNCTAD Secretariat
United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, United Nations
March 14, 2007
International Maritime Organization
Measures to Prevent Unlawful Acts against Passengers and Crews on Board Ships
International Maritime Organization
September 26, 1986
Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation
International Maritime Organization
March 10, 1988
Focus on IMO: Piracy and Armed Robbery at Sea
International Maritime Organization
January 2000
IMO Adopts Comprehensive Maritime Security Measures
Conference of Contracting Governments to the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, 1974
International Maritime Organization
December 9–13, 2002
IMO 2004: Focus on Maritime Security
World Maritime Day 2004 Background Paper
International Maritime Organization
September 27, 2004
Piracy and Armed Robbery against Ships in Waters off the Coast of Somalia
International Maritime Organization
Resolution A.[…] (25)
(Agenda item 19(a))
Adopted on November 29, 2007
9 Private-Sector Perspectives: Industry and Trade Organizations
Intercargo Direction Paper
International Association of Dry Cargo Shipowners
January 24, 2001
Prevention and Suppression of Acts of Terrorism against Shipping, Port and Maritime Security, Guidance for the Development of Ship and Port Security Plans
International Association of Ports and Harbors and International Chamber of Shipping
Maritime Safety Committee, 75th Session Agenda Item 17 International Maritime Organization
April 12, 2002
Port and Maritime Security
International Association of Ports and Harbors IAPH Policy and Guidance Paper
April 23, 2002
BIMCO's Vision and Objectives
The Baltic and International Maritime Council
June 17, 2004
An Introduction to the IFSMA
International Federation of Shipmasters' Associations
October 2004
Remarks of Christopher Koch
President and CEO
World Shipping Council
Before the Maritime Security Expo 2006
New York City
September 19, 2006
Selected Bibliography
Index
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