Focusing on ultra wideband (UWB) communication technology for applications including WPAN, sensor and ad-hoc networks, as well as wireless telemetry and telemedicine, Ultra Wideband Wireless Communication covers both theory and practical issues, including RF, hardware and circuit issues and digital signal processing aspects.

Preface xv Contributors xix Chapter 1 Introduction to Ultra Wideband 1Hüseyin Arslan and Maria-Gabriella Di Benedetto 1.1 Introduction 1 1.1.1 Benefits of UWB 2 1.1.2 Applications 3 1.1.3 Challenges 3 1.2 Scope of the Book 4 Chapter 2 UWB Channel Estimation and Synchronization 11Irena Maravic and Martin Vetterli 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Channel Estimation at SubNyquist Sampling Rate 14 2.2.1 UWB Channel Model 14 2.2.2 Frequency-Domain Channel Estimation 15 2.2.3 Polynomial Realization of the Model-Based Methods 16 2.2.4 Subspace-Based Approach 20 2.2.5 Estimation of Closely Spaced Paths 24 2.3 Performance Evaluation 25 2.3.1 Analysis of Noise Sensitivity 25 2.3.2 Computational Complexity and Alternative Solutions 27 2.3.3 Numerical Example 28 2.4 Estimating UWB Channels with Frequency-Dependent Distortion 29 2.4.1 Algorithm Outline 31 2.5 Channel Estimation from Multiple Bands 32 2.5.1 Filter Bank Approach 32 2.5.2 Estimation from Nonadjacent Bands 32 2.6 Low-Complexity Rapid Acquisition in UWB Localizers 34 2.6.1 Two-Step Estimation 36 2.7 Conclusions 39 Chapter 3 Ultra Wideband Geolocation 43Sinan Gezici, Zafer Sahinoglu, Hisashi Kobayashi, and H. Vincent Poor 3.1 Introduction 43 3.2 Signal Model 44 3.3 Positioning Techniques 44 3.3.1 Angle of Arrival 45 3.3.2 Received Signal Strength 49 3.3.3 Time-Based Approaches 51 3.4 Main Sources of Error in Time-Based Positioning 52 3.4.1 Multipath Propagation 52 3.4.2 Multiple Access Interference 53 3.4.3 Nonline-of-Sight Propagation 53 3.4.4 High Time Resolution of UWB Signals 54 3.5 Ranging and Positioning 55 3.5.1 Relationship Between Ranging and Optimal Positioning Algorithms 55 3.5.2 ToA Estimation Algorithms 58 3.5.3 Two-Way Ranging Protocols 69 3.6 Location-Aware Applications 70 3.7 Conclusions 71 Chapter 4 UWB Modulation Options 77Hüseyin Arslan, Ismail Güenc¸, and Sadia Ahmed 4.1 Introduction 77 4.2 UWB Signaling Techniques 78 4.2.1 UWB-IR Signaling 79 4.2.2 Multiband UWB 83 4.2.3 Multicarrier UWB 85 4.2.4 OFDM 85 4.3 Data Mapping 87 4.3.1 Binary Data Mapping Schemes 87 4.3.2 M-ary Data Mapping Schemes 89 4.4 Spectral Characteristics 91 4.5 Data Mapping and Transceiver Complexity 92 4.6 Modulation Performances in Practical Conditions 93 4.6.1 Effects of Multipath 93 4.6.2 Effects of Multiple Access Interference 95 4.6.3 Effects of Timing Jitter and Finger Estimation Error 96 4.7 Conclusion 99 Chapter 5 Ultra Wideband Pulse Shaper Design 103Zhi Tian, Timothy N. Davidson, Xiliang Luo, Xianren Wu, and Georgios B. Giannakis 5.1 Introduction 103 5.2 Transmit Spectrum and Pulse Shaper 105 5.3 FIR Digital Pulse Design 108 5.4 Optimal UWB Single Pulse Design 110 5.4.1 Parks–McClellan Algorithm 110 5.4.2 Optimal UWB Pulse Design via Direct Maximization of NESP 111 5.4.3 Constrained Frequency Response Approximation 113 5.4.4 Constrained Frequency Response Design with Linear Phase Filters 114 5.5 Optimal UWB Orthogonal Pulse Design 115 5.5.1 Orthogonality Formulation 115 5.5.2 Sequential UWB Pulse Design 117 5.5.3 Sequential UWB Pulse Design with Linear Phase Filters 118 5.6 Design Examples and Comparisons 120 5.6.1 Single-Pulse Designs and their Spectral Utilization Efficiency 120 5.6.2 Multiband Pulse Design 122 5.6.3 Multiple Orthogonal Pulse Design 123 5.6.4 Pulse Designs for Narrowband Interference Avoidance 125 5.6.5 Impact of Pulse Designs on Transceiver Power Efficiency 126 5.7 Conclusions 128 Chapter 6 Antenna Issues 131Zhi Ning Chen 6.1 Introduction 131 6.2 Design Considerations 132 6.2.1 Description of Antenna Systems 132 6.2.2 Single-Band and Multiband Schemes 134 6.2.3 Source Pulses 136 6.2.4 Transmit Antenna and PDS 136 6.2.5 Transmit–Receive Antenna System 141 6.3 Antenna and Pulse versus BER Performance 148 6.3.1 Pulsed UWB System 148 6.3.2 Effects of Antennas and Pulses 151 Chapter 7 Ultra Wideband Receiver Architectures 157Hüseyin Arslan 7.1 Introduction 157 7.2 System Model 158 7.3 UWB Receiver Related Issues 160 7.3.1 Sampling 160 7.3.2 UWB Channel and Channel Parameters Estimation 161 7.3.3 Interference in UWB 164 7.3.4 Other Receiver-Related Issues 165 7.4 TH-IR-UWB Receiver Options 165 7.4.1 Optimal Matched Filter 167 7.4.2 TR-Based Scheme 171 7.4.3 Differential Detector 175 7.4.4 Energy Detector 176 7.5 Conclusion 178 Chapter 8 Ultra Wideband Channel Modeling and Its Impact on System Design 183Chia-Chin Chong 8.1 Introduction 183 8.2 Principles and Background of UWB Multipath Propagation Channel Modeling 184 8.2.1 Basic Multipath Propagation Mechanisms 184 8.2.2 Classification of UWB Channel Models 185 8.3 Channel Sounding Techniques 187 8.3.1 Time-Domain Technique 187 8.3.2 Frequency-Domain Technique 188 8.4 UWB Statistical-Based Channel Modeling 189 8.4.1 Modeling Philosophy and Mathematical Framework 189 8.4.2 Large-Scale Channel Characterization 190 8.4.3 Small-Scale Channel Characterization 193 8.4.4 Temporal Dispersion and Correlation Properties 197 8.5 Impact of UWB Channel on System Design 199 8.6 Conclusion 200 Chapter 9 MIMO and UWB 205Thomas Kaiser 9.1 Introduction 205 9.2 Potential Benefits of MIMO and UWB 206 9.3 Literature Review of UWB Multiantenna Techniques 208 9.3.1 Spatial Multiplexing 208 9.3.2 Spatial Diversity 209 9.3.3 Beamforming 209 9.3.4 Related Topics 210 9.4 Spatial Channel Measurements and Modeling 211 9.4.1 Spatial Channel Measurements 211 9.4.2 Spatial Channel Modeling 213 9.5 Spatial Multiplexing 215 9.6 Spatial Diversity 216 9.7 Beamforming 220 9.8 Conclusion and Outlook 223 Chapter 10 Multiple-Access Interference Mitigation in Ultra Wideband Systems 227Sinan Gezici, Hisashi Kobayashi, and H. Vincent Poor 10.1 Introduction 227 10.2 Signal Model 228 10.2.1 Transmitted Signal 228 10.2.2 Received Signal 229 10.3 Multiple-Access Interference Mitigation at the Receiver Side 231 10.3.1 Maximum-Likelihood Sequence Detection 232 10.3.2 Linear Receivers 232 10.3.3 Iterative (Turbo) Algorithms 240 10.3.4 Other Receiver Structures 243 10.4 Multiple-Access Interference Mitigation at the Transmitter Side 244 10.4.1 Time-Hopping Sequence Design for MAI Mitigation 245 10.4.2 Pseudochaotic Time Hopping 246 10.4.3 Multistage Block-Spreading UWB Access 247 10.5 Concluding Remarks 248 Chapter 11 Narrowband Interference Issues in Ultra Wideband Systems 255Hüseyin Arslan and Mustafa E. Sahin 11.1 Introduction 255 11.2 Effect of NBI in UWB Systems 258 11.3 Avoiding NBI 261 11.3.1 Multicarrier Approach 261 11.3.2 Multiband Schemes 263 11.3.3 Pulse Shaping 264 11.3.4 Other NBI Avoidance Methods 266 11.4 Canceling NBI 267 11.4.1 MMSE Combining 268 11.4.2 Frequency Domain Techniques 268 11.4.3 Time–Frequency Domain Techniques 269 11.4.4 Time Domain Techniques 270 11.5 Conclusion and Future Research 271 Chapter 12 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing for Ultra Wideband Communications 277Ebrahim Saberina and Ahmed H. Tewfik 12.1 Introduction 277 12.2 Multiband OFDM System 278 12.2.1 Band Planning 278 12.2.2 Sub-Band Hopping 278 12.2.3 OFDM Modulation 280 12.2.4 Frequency Repetition Spreading 280 12.2.5 Time Repetition Spreading 280 12.2.6 Coding 281 12.2.7 Supported Bit Rates 281 12.2.8 MB-OFDM Transceiver 282 12.2.9 Improvement to MB-OFDM 283 12.3 Multiband Pulsed-OFDM UWB system 284 12.3.1 Pulsed-OFDM Transmitter 284 12.3.2 Pulsed-OFDM Signal Spectrum 284 12.3.3 Digital Equivalent Model and Diversity of Pulsed-OFDM 286 12.3.4 Pulsed-OFDM Receiver 288 12.3.5 Selecting the Up-sampling Factor 289 12.4 Comparing MB-OFDM and MB-Pulsed-OFDM systems 290 12.4.1 System Parameters 290 12.4.2 Complexity Comparision 290 12.4.3 Power Consumption Comparison 290 12.4.4 Chip Area Comparison 291 12.4.5 Performance Comparison 293 12.5 Conclusion 295 Chapter 13 UWB Networks and Applications 297Krishna M. Sivalingam and Aniruddha Rangnekar 13.1 Introduction 297 13.2 Background 298 13.2.1 UWB Physical Layer 298 13.2.2 IEEE 802.15.3 Standards 299 13.3 Medium Access Protocols 300 13.3.1 IEEE 802.15.3 MAC Protocol 300 13.3.2 Impact of UWB Channel Acquisition Time 303 13.3.3 Multiple Channels 305 13.4 Network Applications 310 13.5 Summary and Discussion 311 Acknowledgments 311 Chapter 14 Low-Bit-Rate UWB Networks 315Luca DeNardis and Gian Mario Maggio 14.1 Low Data-Rate UWB Network Applications 315 14.1.1 802.15.4a: A Short History 315 14.1.2 The 802.15.4a PHY 316 14.1.3 PHY: 802.15.4a versus 802.15.4 316 14.1.4 Technical Requirements 317 14.1.5 Applications 319 14.2 The 802.15.4 MAC Standard 321 14.2.1 Network Devices and Topologies 321 14.2.2 Medium Access Strategy 322 14.2.3 From 802.15.4 to 802.15.4a 324 14.3 Advanced MAC Design for Low-Bit-Rate UWB Networks 324 14.3.1 (UWB)2: Uncoordinated, Wireless, Baseborn Medium Access for UWB Communication Networks 325 14.3.2 Transmission Procedure 328 14.3.3 Reception Procedure 331 14.3.4 Simulation Results 333 Chapter 15 An Overview of Routing Protocols for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks 341David A. Sumy, Branimir Vojcic, and Jinghao Xu 15.1 Introduction 341 15.2 Ad Hoc Networks 343 15.3 Routing in MANETs 345 15.4 Proactive Routing 345 15.4.1 DSDV 346 15.4.2 WRP 348 15.4.3 CGSR 350 15.4.4 STAR 351 15.4.5 HSR 352 15.4.6 OLSR 355 15.4.7 TBRPF 356 15.4.8 DREAM 358 15.4.9 GSR 360 15.4.10 FSR 360 15.4.11 HR 362 15.4.12 HSLS and A-HSLS 363 15.5 Reactive Routing 364 15.5.1 DSR 365 15.5.2 ARA 367 15.5.3 ABR 369 15.5.4 AODV 372 15.5.5 BSR 374 15.5.6 CHAMP 376 15.5.7 DYMO 377 15.5.8 DNVR 378 15.5.9 LAR 380 15.5.10 LBR 381 15.5.11 MPABR 383 15.5.12 NDMR 384 15.5.13 PLBM 385 15.5.14 RDMAR 387 15.5.15 SOAR 388 15.5.16 TORA 391 15.6 Power-Aware Routing 393 15.6.1 BEE 394 15.6.2 EADSR 395 15.6.3 MTPR/MBCR/MMBCR/CMMBCR 395 15.6.4 PARO 396 15.6.5 PAWF 398 15.6.6 MFP/MIP/MFPenergy/MIPenergy 400 15.7 Hybrid Routing 400 15.7.1 MultiWARP 401 15.7.2 SHARP 402 15.7.3 SLURP 403 15.7.4 ZRP 406 15.7.5 AZRP 408 15.7.6 IZR 408 15.7.7 TZRP 408 15.8 Other 410 15.9 Conclusion 411 Appendix 418 Chapter 16 Adaptive UWB Systems 429Francesca Cuomo and Crishna Martello 16.1 Introduction 429 16.1.1 Related Work on Adaptive UWB Systems 431 16.2 A Distributed Power-Regulated Admission Control Scheme for UWB 432 16.2.1 Problem Formalization 434 16.2.2 Power Selection in UWB 435 16.2.3 Steps of the Access Scheme 438 16.3 Performance Analysis 439 16.3.1 Impact of the Initial MEI on Performance of MEI-Based Power Regulation Schemes 442 16.3.2 Performance Behavior as a Function of the Offered Load 445 16.4 Summary 449 Chapter 17 UWB Location and Tracking—A Practical Example of an UWB-Based Sensor Network 451Ian Oppermann, Kegen Yu, Alberto Rabbachin, Lucian Stoica, Paul Cheong, Jean-Philippe Montillet, and Sakari Tiuraniemi 17.1 Introduction 451 17.2 Multiple Access in UWB Sensor Systems 452 17.2.1 Location/Ranging Support 453 17.2.2 Constraints and Implications of UWB Technologies on MAC Design 453 17.3 UWB Sensor Network Case Study 454 17.4 System Description—UWEN 456 17.4.1 Communications System 456 17.4.2 Transmitted Signal 456 17.4.3 Framing Structure 458 17.4.4 Location Approach 458 17.5 System Implementation 459 17.5.1 Transceiver Overview 459 17.5.2 Transmitter 460 17.5.3 UWB Pulse Generator 462 17.6 Location System 463 17.7 Position Calculation Methods 468 17.8 Tracking Moving Objects 473 17.8.1 Simulation Results 474 17.9 Conclusion 476 Acknowledgments 477 Index 481

AN INTERNATIONAL PANEL OF EXPERTS PROVIDE MAJOR RESEARCH ISSUES AND A SELF-CONTAINED, RAPID INTRODUCTION TO THE THEORY AND APPLICATION OF UWB This book delivers end-to-end coverage of recent advances in both the theory and practical design of ultra wideband (UWB) communication networks. Contributions offer a worldwide perspective on new and emerging applications, including WPAN, sensor and ad hoc networks, wireless telemetry, and telemedicine. The book explores issues related to the physical layer, medium access layer, and networking layer. Following an introductory chapter, the book explores three core areas: Analysis of physical layer and technology issuesSystem design elements, including channel modeling, coexistence, and interference mitigation and controlReview of MAC and network layer issues, up to the application Case studies present examples such as network and transceiver design, assisting the reader in understanding the application of theory to real-world tasks. Ultra Wideband Wireless Communication enables technical professionals, graduate students, engineers, scientists, and academic and professional researchers in mobile and wireless communications to become conversant with the latest theory and applications by offering a survey of all important topics in the field. It also serves as an advanced mathematical treatise; however, the book is organized to allow non-technical readers to bypass the mathematical treatments and still gain an excellent understanding of both theory and practice.