List of Contributors xvii Foreword xxi Acknowledgements xxiii 1 Water Science, Policy, and Management: Introduction 1Simon J. Dadson, Edmund C. Penning‐Rowsell, Dustin E. Garrick, Rob Hope, Jim W. Hall, and Jocelyne Hughes 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Drivers of Change: Environment, Politics, Economics 2 1.3 Responses to Change: Technology, Information, Equity 4 1.4 Science, Policy and Management 6 Part I Water Science 9 2 Hydroclimatic Extremes and Climate Change 11Simon J. Dadson, Homero Paltan Lopez, Jian Peng, and Shuchi Vora 2.1 Introduction 11 2.2 Key Concepts in Climate Science 12 2.2.1 The Water Cycle in the Earth System 12 2.2.2 Radiative Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere 12 2.2.3 Convection and Atmospheric Stability 13 2.2.4 The General Circulation 14 2.3 Hydroclimatic Variability and Extremes 14 2.3.1 Modes of Hydroclimatic Variability 14 2.3.2 El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) 14 2.3.3 South Asian Monsoon 16 2.3.4 North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) 16 2.3.5 Other Modes of Variability 17 2.4 Climate Change and Hydrology 18 2.4.1 Understanding the Link Between Climate Change and Hydroclimatic Extremes 18 2.4.2 Climate Models and Climate Projections 18 2.4.3 Downscaling and Uncertainty 19 2.5 Managing Hydroclimatic Extremes 20 2.5.1 Quantifying Risk and Uncertainty 20 2.5.2 Planning for Extremes in Flood Risk and Water Resources Management 22 2.5.3 Comparing Top‐down with Bottom‐up Approaches 22 2.6 Conclusion 25 References 25 3 Groundwater Resources: Past, Present, and Future 29Abi Stone, Michelle Lanzoni, and Pauline Smedley 3.1 Introduction to Groundwater Science 29 3.2 Quantities of Groundwater: Storage, Recharge, and Abstraction 31 3.2.1 What Do We Know? 31 3.2.2 Future Outlook on Measuring Groundwater Quantity 34 3.2.3 Improving Scientific Knowledge of Groundwater Volumes and Fluxes 39 3.3 Groundwater Quality 39 3.3.1 The Composition of Groundwater: Natural Baselines and Pollution 39 3.3.2 Future Outlook on Groundwater Water Quality: Key Constraints and Approaches to Addressing Them 45 3.4 Groundwater and Climate Change 48 3.4.1 Long‐term Climatic Influences on Groundwater 48 3.4.2 Current and Future Influences of Climate Change on Groundwater 48 3.5 Continuing Challenges for Groundwater Science 49 3.6 Concluding Points 50 References 51 4 Water Quality Modelling, Monitoring, and Management 55Paul Whitehead, Michaela Dolk, Rebecca Peters, and Hannah Leckie 4.1 Water Quality Modelling Background 55 4.1.1 Water Quality: The Problem 55 4.1.2 Management Model Approaches and History 56 4.1.3 Generic Types of Water Quality Models 57 4.1.4 Lumped Modelling Approaches 58 4.1.5 Case Study 1: Modelling of Metals Downstream of Mines in Transylvania 59 4.2 Water Quality Modelling at the Catchment Scale 59 4.2.1 Integrated Catchment Approach – A Brief Review 59 4.2.2 The Integrated Catchments (INCA) Model System 61 4.2.3 Case Study 2: Modelling Contaminants Using INCA – Metaldehyde in the Thames 62 4.2.4 Case Study 3: Water Quality in the Turag‐Balu River System, Dhaka, Bangladesh 62 4.2.5 Model Uncertainty 63 4.3 Monitoring Strategies Past and Present 65 4.3.1 Global Monitoring 66 4.3.2 National‐scale Monitoring 66 4.3.3 Long‐term Monitoring of Key Scientific Sites 66 4.3.4 Citizen Science Monitoring 68 4.3.5 Case Study 4: Monitoring and Modelling the Murray‐Darling System in Australia 68 4.4 Conclusions 70 References 70 5 Challenges for Freshwater Ecosystems 75Jocelyne Hughes, Heather Bond, Clarke Knight, and Kieran Stanley 5.1 How do Freshwater Ecosystems Work? 75 5.1.1 Structure and Function of Freshwater Ecosystems 75 5.1.2 Key Challenges in Freshwater Ecology 76 5.2 The Challenge of Water Quality Management: Linking Freshwater Ecosystems to Water Quality 78 5.2.1 ‘The Kidneys of the Landscape’ 78 5.2.2 Constructed Wetlands 78 5.2.3 Managing Freshwater Ecosystems for Water Quality Enhancement 81 5.3 The Challenge of Invasive Non‐native Species: Impacts on Diversity and Ecosystem Function 82 5.3.1 The Spread of Non‐native Freshwater Species 82 5.3.2 Impacts of INNS 82 5.3.3 What Can be Done About the Problem? 84 5.4 The Challenge of Environmental Change : Managing Biogeochemical Cycles and Water Security in Freshwaters 85 5.4.1 Impacts of Warming and Changing Atmospheric GHGs on Freshwaters 85 5.4.2 Environmental Flows 87 5.5 Approaches to Tackling the Challenges of Freshwater Ecosystem Conservation and Management 89 5.5.1 Technical Innovations 89 5.5.1.1 Environmental DNA 89 5.5.1.2 Remote Sensing Methods and Databases 89 5.5.2 Social Science Innovations 91 References 92 6 Water and Health: A Dynamic, Enduring Challenge 97Katrina J. Charles, Saskia Nowicki, Patrick Thomson, and David Bradley 6.1 Introduction 97 6.2 Classifying and Measuring Health Outcomes 97 6.3 Politics and Innovation in Water and Health 99 6.3.1 Measurement: Understanding the Role of Malnutrition and Infection in Diarrhoea 100 6.3.2 Treatment: Oral Rehydration Therapy (ORT) 100 6.3.3 Knowledge: Emerging Health Issues 101 6.3.4 Politics and the Pace of Disruption 101 6.4 Beyond Outbreaks: The Underreported Health Burden of Inadequate Water Supplies 102 6.5 Enteric Environmental Dysfunction 103 6.5.1 Visible Disease from Chemical Exposure 103 6.5.2 Hypertension and Cancer 105 6.5.3 Cognitive Impairment 106 6.5.4 Psychosocial Distress 107 6.5.5 Revisiting the Water‐Related Burden of Disease 107 6.6 Water and Health Challenges in the SDG Period 108 6.6.1 Improving Service Levels 109 6.6.2 Improving Water Quality Testing Methods 110 6.6.3 Leaving No One Behind 111 6.7 Conclusions 112 References 113 7 Monitoring and Modelling Hydrological Processes 117Simon J. Dadson, Feyera Hirpa, Patrick Thomson, and Megan Konar 7.1 Modelling Hydrological Systems: Current Approaches 117 7.1.1 From Local Catchment Models to Global Hydrological Studies 119 7.1.2 Validation, Verification, and Confirmation in Hydrological Modelling 121 7.1.3 Representing Human‐managed Water Systems 122 7.2 Monitoring Hydrological Systems 124 7.2.1 Monitoring the Global Water Cycle Across Scales 124 7.2.2 Decline of In Situ Monitoring 125 7.2.3 The Role of EO 126 7.2.4 Land‐based and Airborne Techniques 127 7.2.5 Non‐traditional Hydrological Monitoring Systems 128 7.3 Future Challenges 128 7.4 Conclusion 129 References 130 Part II Policy 139 8 Reallocating Water 141Dustin E. Garrick, Alice Chautard, and Jonathan Rawlins 8.1 Water Crises as Allocation Challenges 141 8.2 Navigating Reallocation 142 8.3 Socio‐cultural Dimensions 144 8.3.1 Navigating the Changing Culture of Water in Spain 146 8.4 Natural and Technological Dimensions 147 8.5 Political Economy Dimensions 149 8.5.1 Barriers to Reallocation from Agriculture to the City of Cape Town 151 8.6 A Ladder of Interventions? 152 8.7 Frontiers of Water Allocation 153 References 154 9 Rural Water Policy in Africa and Asia 159Rob Hope, Tim Foster, Johanna Koehler, and Patrick Thomson 9.1 Fifty Years of Rural Water Policy in Africa and Asia 159 9.2 Pillars of Rural Water Policy 160 9.3 Community Access, 1980–2000 163 9.4 Rights and Results, 2000–2020 166 9.5 Regulated Services, 2020–2030 169 9.6 Limits to Progress 173 References 174 10 The Human Right to Water 181Rhett Larson, Kelsey Leonard, and Richard Rushforth 10.1 The Legal and Historical Background of the Human Right to Water 181 10.2 Defining the Human Right to Water 185 10.2.1 Difference Between Human Right to Water and Water Rights 187 10.3 Implementing the Human Right to Water 188 10.4 Gap Between Policy Articulation and Implementation of the Human Right to Water 190 10.5 Key Policy Challenges Facing the Human Right to Water 192 10.6 Conclusion 193 References 193 11 Policy Processes in Flood Risk Management 197Edmund C. Penning‐Rowsell, Joanna Pardoe, Jim W. Hall, and Julie Self 11.1 Introduction 197 11.2 Flood Risk: Global and Local Scales 198 11.3 Three Theories of the Policy Process 199 11.3.1 Punctuated Equilibrium 199 11.3.2 Multiple Streams 200 11.3.3 Advocacy Coalitions 201 11.4 Four Contrasting Case Studies of the Policy Process 201 11.4.1 South Africa: 1994–2002 and Beyond 201 11.4.2 Advocacy Coalitions in Bangladesh and the Role of Donor Agencies 204 11.4.3 Flood Risk Management in Tanzania: The President as Policy Entrepreneur 205 11.4.4 Flood Insurance in the UK: Six Decades of Relative Policy Stability 207 11.5 Conclusions 210 References 211 12 The Political Economy of Wastewater in Europe 215Heather M. Smith and Gareth Walker 12.1 Introduction 215 12.2 Models of Service Delivery 216 12.3 Wastewater as a Driver of Investment and Cost Recovery 219 12.4 Case Studies – Paris and Ireland 221 12.4.1 Paris 221 12.4.2 Ireland 224 12.5 Discussion and Conclusion 226 12.5.1 The Hidden Role of Wastewater 226 12.5.2 Emerging Needs and Opportunities in Wastewater 227 References 229 13 Drought Policy and Management 233Rachael McDonnell, Stephen Fragaszy, Troy Sternberg, and Swathi Veeravalli 13.1 Introduction 233 13.2 Drought, Aridity, Water Scarcity, and Desertification 234 13.3 Climate Change and Drought 237 13.4 Drought Policy and Management Development 238 13.4.1 Drought Legislation 238 13.4.2 Drought Policies 239 13.4.3 Drought Governance 240 13.5 The ‘Three Pillars’ of Drought Management 240 13.5.1 Pillar 1: Drought Monitoring and Early Warning Systems 241 13.5.2 Pillar 2: Drought Impact and Vulnerability Assessments 241 13.5.3 Pillar 3: Drought Preparedness Planning 242 13.5.4 A Range of Policy Instruments Including Insurance and Water Allocation Regimes 243 13.6 Drought in Mongolia 243 13.6.1 Pillars 1 and 2: Drought Monitoring, Impacts, and Vulnerability 244 13.6.2 Pillar 3: Drought Preparedness, Mitigation, and Response Strategies 245 13.7 The Example of the Middle East and North Africa Region 245 13.7.1 Pillar 1: Technical and Institutional Drought Monitoring Challenges 246 13.7.2 Pillars 2 and 3: Drought Management Institutional Coordination Challenges 247 13.7.3 Building Resilience – The Moroccan Drought Insurance Example 248 13.8 Discussion 248 13.8.1 Case Studies Synthesis 248 13.8.2 Future Directions for Research 249 13.9 Conclusions 249 References 250 Part III Water Management 255 14 Water Resource System Modelling and Decision Analysis 257Jim W. Hall, Edoardo Borgomeo, Mohammad Mortazavi‐Naeini, and Kevin Wheeler 14.1 The Challenge of Sustainable Water Supply 257 14.2 The Water Resource System Problem 259 14.3 Dealing with Multiple Objectives 261 14.4 Variability and Risk 263 14.5 Uncertainty and Decisions 264 14.6 Embedding Simulation Modelling in Practical Decision‐making 266 14.7 The Expanding Boundaries of Water Resource Systems 268 14.7.1 New Data Sources 268 14.7.2 Economics 268 14.7.3 Finance 269 14.7.4 Society 269 14.7.5 The Environment 269 14.8 Conclusions 270 References 271 15 Financing Water Infrastructure 275Alex Money 15.1 Introduction 275 15.2 The Infrastructure Financing Challenge 276 15.3 Bridging the Gap 278 15.4 Stakeholder Collaboration and the Constructive Corporation 279 15.5 Hybridity and Blended Finance 280 15.6 Blended Returns on Investments in Infrastructure 282 15.7 Water Infrastructure Portfolio Management 283 15.8 Hybrid Income 284 15.9 Synthesis 285 15.10 Scaling the Model 286 15.11 Conclusion 286 References 287 16 Wastewater: From a Toxin to a Valuable Resource 291David W.M. Johnstone, Saskia Nowicki, Abishek S. Narayan, and Ranu Sinha 16.1 Introduction 291 16.2 The Early Formative Years 291 16.3 Early Full‐Scale Application and Process Development 294 16.4 The Age of Understanding 294 16.5 Some Important Legislative and Institutional Changes 295 16.6 More Understanding and a Plethora of Processes 296 16.7 The Question of Sludge 298 16.7.1 Heavy Metals 298 16.7.2 Toxic Organic Chemicals 299 16.7.3 Pathogens 299 16.8 A New Philosophy; A New Paradigm? 299 16.8.1 Water 300 16.8.2 Energy 300 16.8.3 Fertilisers 301 16.8.4 Phosphate 301 16.8.5 Other Recoverable Materials 301 16.9 The Uncollected and Untreated 301 16.9.1 Sewers 303 16.9.2 Innovative Institutional Arrangements 303 16.10 Concluding Remarks 303 References 305 17 A Road Map to Sustainable Urban Water Supply 309Michael Rouse and Nassim El Achi 17.1 Introduction 309 17.2 International Stimuli – What Has Been Achieved? 309 17.2.1 A Brief History Before the Water Decade of 1981–1990 309 17.2.2 The Water Decade 1981–1990 310 17.2.3 Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) 312 17.3 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 312 17.3.1 Formation and Definitions 312 17.3.2 Water and Sanitation as a Human Right 313 17.4 Challenges to be Faced 314 17.4.1 Sustained Political Commitment to Goal 314 17.4.2 Reliable Data 315 17.4.3 Effective Planning 315 17.4.4 Water Resources 317 17.4.5 Water Distribution 318 17.4.6 City Planning 320 17.4.7 Finance 321 17.5 Reform Requirements 321 17.5.1 Phnom Penh 321 17.5.2 National Water and Sewerage Corporation (NWSC), Uganda 322 17.5.3 Chile 323 17.5.4 Singapore 324 17.5.5 Conclusions 324 17.6 Achieving Awareness of What Needs to Be Done 325 17.7 An Outline Road Map to the Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) on Water 325 References 326 18 Equity and Urban Water Security 329Katrina J. Charles, Thanti Octavianti, Erin Hylton, and Grace Remmington 18.1 Introduction 329 18.2 Urban Water Security: Framing the Global Challenge 330 18.2.1 Urban Water Security 330 18.2.2 The Importance of the Urban Space 331 18.2.3 The Challenge of Water Security for Urban Spaces 332 18.3 Trade‐offs in Urban Water Security 334 18.3.1 The Water Security Challenge 335 18.3.2 One Solution for a Complex Issue 335 18.3.3 Universal and Equitable Development 337 18.4 Inclusive Water Security: A Case Study of São Paulo’s Water 339 18.5 Conclusions 340 References 341 19 Reflections on Water Security and Humanity 345David Grey 19.1 Introduction 345 19.2 Human Origins and Water: Then and Now 346 19.2.1 African Beginnings 346 19.2.2 The Nile 346 19.2.3 The Tigris and Euphrates 347 19.2.4 The Indus 347 19.2.5 What Might We Learn from These Reflections? 348 19.3 Water Security and Risk 349 19.4 Eight Major Global Water Security Challenges 351 19.4.1 The Dynamic Challenge of Water Security Risks in Changing Climates 351 19.4.2 The Challenge of Water Supply and Sanitation 352 19.4.3 The Challenge of Hunger 352 19.4.4 The Challenge of Floods 353 19.4.5 The Challenge of Drought 353 19.4.6 The Challenge of International and Transboundary Waters 354 19.4.7 The Challenge of ‘Spillovers’: From Local to Global 355 19.4.8 The Challenge for the World’s ‘Low Latitude’ Regions 355 19.5 Conclusions: Priorities and Pathways for Policy‐makers 356 19.5.1 Three Priorities for Investment 356 19.5.2 Pathways to Water Security 357 References 358 20 Charting the World’s Water Future? 363Simon J. Dadson, Edmund C. Penning‐Rowsell, Dustin E. Garrick, Rob Hope, Jim W. Hall , and Jocelyne Hughes 20.1 Linking Water Science, Policy, and Management 363 20.2 Charting the World’s Water Future: Five Key Challenges 363 20.3 A Vision for Interdisciplinary Water Education 365 Index 367

PROVIDES AN IN-DEPTH LOOK AT SCIENCE, POLICY AND MANAGEMENT IN THE WATER SECTOR ACROSS THE GLOBE Sustainable water management is an increasingly complex challenge and policy priority facing global society. This book examines how governments, municipalities, corporations, and individuals find sustainable water management pathways across competing priorities of water for ecosystems, food, energy, economic growth and human consumption. It looks at the current politics and economics behind the management of our freshwater ecosystems and infrastructure and offers insightful essays that help stimulate more intense and informed debate about the subject and its need for local and international cooperation. This book celebrates the 15-year anniversary of Oxford University's MSc course in Water Science, Policy and Management. Edited and written by some of the leading minds in the field, writing alongside alumni from the course, Water Science, Policy, and Management: A Global Challenge offers in-depth chapters in three parts: Science; Policy; and Management. Topics cover: hydroclimatic extremes and climate change; the past, present, and future of groundwater resources; water quality modelling, monitoring, and management; and challenges for freshwater ecosystems. The book presents critical views on the monitoring and modelling of hydrological processes; the rural water policy in Africa and Asia; the political economy of wastewater in Europe; drought policy management and water allocation. It also examines the financing of water infrastructure; the value of wastewater; water resource planning; sustainable urban water supply and the human right to water. Features perspectives from some of the world's leading experts on water policy and managementIdentifies and addresses current and future water sector challengesCharts water policy trends across a rapidly evolving set of challenges in a variety of global areasCovers the reallocation of water; policy process of risk management; the future of the world's water under global environmental change; and more Water Science, Policy, and Management: A Global Challenge is an essential book for policy makers and government agencies involved in water management, and for undergraduate and postgraduate students studying water science, governance, and policy.