Aim and Scope xv Preface xvii Acknowledgement xxi 1 Sustainable Mobility: Clean Energy Integration with Electric Vehicle Technology 1 Pranjal Barman, Lachit Dutta, Sushanta Bordoloi, Manash Pratim Sarma, Anamika Kalita, Swapna Bharali and Brian Azzopardi 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Transportation and Carbon Emission 3 1.3 Transportation Electrification 4 1.4 Electric Vehicle Integration with Renewable Sources 9 1.5 Solar Energy 12 1.6 Wind Energy 13 1.7 Integration with the Grid 15 1.8 State-of-the-Art Methods 17 1.9 Opportunities and Challenges 22 1.10 Conclusion 22 Acknowledgement 23 References 23 2 Sustainable Mobility Policies in Developed and Developing Countries 29 Reetu Gour and Nikki Baliyan 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 Pollution by Air and Effect of Greenhouse Gases 31 2.3 Promotion of Cycling and Walking 32 2.4 Sustainable Trade and Global Governance 34 2.4.1 Socioeconomic Impacts 35 2.4.2 Technology Aspects 36 2.4.3 Role of Smart Connectivity in Sustainable Mobility 36 2.5 Discussion 37 2.6 Conclusion 38 References 39 3 Transitions from IC Engine to EV and HEV: Current Status of EV in India 45 Puneet Kumar and Apurva Goyal 3.1 Introduction 46 3.2 Changing Electric Vehicles Trend 47 3.3 Case Study: Maruti Suzuki and EV Market 49 3.4 Numerous Downsides to Electric Cars 50 3.4.1 Ultra Expensive 50 3.4.2 Transport Not a Considerable Contributor to Emissions 51 3.4.3 Batteries as the Major Emitter 52 3.4.4 Need of Societal Change 52 3.5 Zero Emissions is a Myth 52 3.6 Prolonged Charging Time 52 3.7 Carbon Footprints 53 3.8 Degrading Battery Performance from Fast Charging 53 3.9 Underdeveloped Charging Infrastructure 54 3.10 Impractical for Inner-City Inhabitants and Lack of Resale Value 54 3.11 Reasons Behind Slow Adoption of Electric Vehicles in India 56 3.12 Conclusion 57 References 57 4 Alternative Source Systems of In-Vehicle Electricity Production 61 Dinesh Kumar Patel, Sachin Kumar, Vipin Kumar Sharma, Hari Om Sharma and Arbind Prasad 4.1 Introduction 62 4.2 Electric Vehicles (EVs) 63 4.3 Passenger Electric Vehicle 64 4.3.1 Plug-In Battery Electric Vehicle (PBEV) 65 4.3.2 Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) 65 4.3.3 Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEV) 65 4.3.4 Commercial Electric Vehicle 66 4.3.4.1 Plug-In Battery Electric Vehicles 66 4.3.4.2 Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles 67 4.3.4.3 Hydraulic Hybrid Electric Vehicle 68 4.4 Integration of Different Renewable Energy Resources with Power System of In-Vehicle Electricity Production 68 4.4.1 Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles (FCEVs) 68 4.4.2 Electric Vehicle Integration with Wind Energy 68 4.4.3 Electric Vehicle Integration with Solar Energy 69 4.4.4 Distribution Grid Management with Electrical Network 70 4.5 Factors Affecting Adoption of Alternative Fuel Vehicles 71 4.6 Conclusion on Market Penetration of Alternative Fuel Vehicles 71 References 72 5 Autonomous Navigation of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle Using Reinforcement Learning 79 Payal Bansal, Jyotsna Joshi, Surender Hans and Ashwani Kumar 5.1 Introduction 80 5.2 Literature Review 80 5.3 Technology Used 81 5.3.1 System Architecture Overview 81 5.3.2 Reinforcement Learning and Control 82 5.3.3 Elements of Reinforcement Learning 83 5.4 Markov Decision Process (MDP) 83 5.4.1 Value Function and Action-Value Function 84 5.4.2 Q-Learning Algorithm 85 5.4.3 SARSA Algorithm 88 5.4.4 Robot Operating System (ROS) 89 5.5 Implementation: Flow of the Project Flow 90 5.6 Controller Design of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) 92 5.6.1 Controller Design 93 5.6.2 Training Procedure of UAV 94 5.7 Results and Discussion 95 5.7.1 Experimental Results 96 5.8 Conclusion and Future Scope 98 References 99 6 IoT-Based Automatic Vehicle Accident & Rash Driving Alert System 105 Payal Bansal 6.1 Introduction 106 6.2 Problem and Necessity 107 6.3 Need for the System 108 6.3.1 IoT Architecture 108 6.3.2 Sonar Sensor 111 6.3.3 Data Processing and Analysis 113 6.4 User Interface and Reporting 115 6.4.1 Results and Impact 116 6.4.2 Challenges and Limitations 117 6.4.3 Future Enhancements 119 6.4.4 Architectural Design of the Work 120 6.6 Implementation: Tools for Controlling & Processing 123 6.7 Hardware Setup 124 6.7.1 Result 126 6.7.2 Conclusion 128 6.8 Applications 128 Bibliography 129 7 Mobile Edge Communication, Computing and Caching (MEC3) in Vehicle Communication 131 Payal Bansal 7.1 Introduction to MEC3 in Vehicle Communication 132 7.2 What is Mobile EDGE? 132 7.2.1 Advantages of Mobile EDGE Computing 133 7.3 Mobile Edge Communication (MEC) 133 7.3.1 How We Can Use MEC 134 7.3.2 Opportunities in Mobile Edge Computing 135 7.3.3 Challenges of Mobile Edge Computing 136 7.3.4 Mobile Edge Computing Uses 136 7.3.5 Multi-Access vs. Mobile Edge Computing 137 7.3.6 Mobile Edge Computing Importance 138 7.4 Mobile Edge Caching 139 7.4.1 The Architecture of Mobile Edge Caching 139 7.5 Technology Description 141 7.5.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of MEC 3 143 7.6 Applications of MEC 3 144 7.7 Conclusion 145 Bibliography 145 8 IoT-Based Automatic Vehicle Tracking and Accident Alert System 149 Priyanshu Gupta, Parth Tripathi, Pallavie Tyagi and Sanjay Kumar Singh 8.1 Introduction 150 8.2 Literature Review 151 8.3 Methodology 152 8.4 Programming Code 154 8.5 Results and Discussion 156 8.6 Conclusion and Future Scope 157 Bibliography 157 9 Interfacing of GPS and GSM with the Help of NodeMCU for Vehicle Monitoring and Tracking 159 Sandesh Singh, Ajay Suri, Vaibhav Patel, Ujjwal Shukla and Harshita Sisodia 9.1 Introduction 160 9.2 Problem Statement 161 9.3 Literature Review 162 9.4 Monitoring and Tracking of Vehicles 163 9.5 Result and Discussion 168 9.6 Conclusion 168 References 171 10 A Comprehensive Analysis of Cell Balancing in BMS for Electric Vehicle 173 Rahul Sarker, Subir Datta, Ksh. Robert Singh and Apurba Kr. Das 10.1 Introduction 174 10.2 Cell Balancing Methods 175 10.2.1 Passive Cell Balancing 175 10.2.1.1 Proposed Block Diagram of Passive Cell Balancing 176 10.2.2 Active Cell Balancing 178 10.3 Proposed Topology 181 10.3.1 Working Modes for Two Cells 182 10.3.2 Algorithm for Two Cells Balancing 183 10.3.2.1 Block Diagram of Proposed Active Cell Balancing for Two Cell 184 10.3.3 SOC-Voltage-Based Inductive Buck Boost Active Cell Balancing 185 10.4 Conclusion 190 References 190 11 Analyzing and Testing of Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicles 193 Shrey Agrawal, Raghav Gupta and Manoj Sindhwani 11.1 Introduction 194 11.2 Battery Management System 195 11.2.1 Classification 196 11.2.2 Challenges of Fuel Cell Hybrid Electric Vehicles 199 11.3 System Setup 199 11.3.1 Block Diagram 199 11.3.2 Components 199 11.3.3 System Methodology 201 11.4 Simulations 202 11.4.1 Efficiency and Continuous Torque Capability 202 11.4.2 National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) 202 11.4.3 Output Graphs 203 11.5 Conclusion 205 References 206 12 Cyberattacks, Threats and Challenges of Cybersecurity: An Outline 207 Tanishq Soni, Deepali Gupta, Ramneet Kaur, Avinash Sharma and Gifty Gupta 12.1 Introduction 208 12.2 Background Work 209 12.3 Security Properties and CIA Triad 212 12.3.1 Confidentiality 212 12.3.2 Integrity 212 12.3.3 Availability 213 12.4 Types of Cyber Threats 213 12.4.1 Cybercrime 213 12.4.2 Cyber Terrorism 213 12.4.3 Cyber Warfare 214 12.5 Types of Cyberattacks 214 12.5.1 Denial of Service 214 12.5.2 Trojan Horse 214 12.5.3 Malware 215 12.5.4 SQL Injection Attack 215 12.5.5 Man-in-the-Middle 216 12.5.6 Reconnaissance Attack 216 12.6 Challenges in Cybersecurity 216 12.6.1 Cybersecurity Challenges in Education 216 12.6.2 Cybersecurity Challenges in Smart Grid 216 12.6.3 Cybersecurity Challenges in IoT and Cloud Computing 217 12.6.4 Cybersecurity Challenges in Connected Home Ecosystem 217 12.7 Bibliometric Analysis and Discussion 217 12.8 Conclusion 220 References 220 13 Opportunities and Challenges of Data-Driven Cybersecurity for Smart Cities: Blockchain-Driven Approach 223 Tanishq Soni, Ramneet Kaur, Deepali Gupta, Avinash Sharma and Gifty Gupta 13.1 Introduction 224 13.2 Background Work 227 13.3 Attacks on the Layers of IoT-Enabled Smart City 229 13.4 Issues and Challenges in Smart Cities 231 13.5 Blockchain and its Types 232 13.6 Smart City Issues with Blockchain 233 13.7 Conclusion 234 References 235 14 On Renewable Energy Source Selection Problem Using T-Spherical Fuzzy Soft Dombi Aggregation Operators 237 Mohit Pal, Himanshu Dhumras, Gaurav Garg and Varun Shukla 14.1 Introduction 238 14.2 Preliminaries 240 14.3 T-Spherical Fuzzy Soft Dombi Aggregation Operators 241 14.4 Application of T-Spherical Fuzzy Soft Dombi Aggregation Operators in Renewable Energy Source Selection 246 14.5 Conclusion and Scope for Future Work 251 References 251 15 Detection of Weather with Hypothesis Testing Performed Through VGG19 Model Utilizing Adam Optimizer 255 Kanwarpartap Singh Gill, Avinash Sharma, Vatsala Anand and Rupesh Gupta 15.1 Introduction 256 15.2 Literature 258 15.3 Input Dataset 261 15.4 Data Validation 262 15.5 Weather Classification Using VGG19 Model 263 15.6 Results 264 15.6.1 Weather Classification Using VGG19 Model on Adam Optimizer 264 15.6.2 Classification Output of Dataset Parameters After Model Optimization 265 15.6.3 Confusion Matrix Comparison of Dataset Parameters 266 15.7 Conclusion 267 References 268 16 Enhanced Ride-Through Capability of a Hybrid Microgrid Under Symmetric and Asymmetric Faults 271 Asis Kumar Mallick, Ullash Kumar Rout, Ajit Kumar Barisal and P. K. Satpathy 16.1 Introduction 272 16.2 Design of the Hybrid Microgrid 272 16.2.1 AC Bus Faults - LG, LL, LLG, LLLG, LLL 273 16.2.2 dc Bus Faults: Pole to Ground, Pole to Ground and Pole to Pole Fault 273 16.3 HMG Inverter Control 274 16.3.1 Problem Formulation 274 16.4 Grid-Tied Inverter Control 277 16.5 Fault Analysis 278 16.5.1 LG Fault (A-G) 280 16.6 LLG Fault (A-B-G) 282 16.7 LL Fault (A-B) 283 16.8 LLL and LLLG Faults 284 16.9 dc Bus Fault 287 16.10 Conclusion 288 Acknowledgements 288 References 288 About the Editors 291 Index 293

This book is essential for anyone interested in understanding and implementing sustainable transportation practices, as it provides comprehensive insights into the challenges, advancements, and policies related to sustainable mobility. Sustainable transportation refers to any means of transportation that is “green” and has a low impact on the environment. The goal of sustainable transportation is to balance our current and future needs. As per the United Nations Brundtland Commission (WCED, 1987), sustainable mobility can be defined as “mobility that satisfies the needs of present generations without compromising future generations”, but in the modern era, we are compromising the needs of the next generation in terms of pollution, depletion of fossil fuels, global warming, poor air quality, and hazardous gases. The three main pillars of sustainability, economics, environment, and social issues, are crushed by modern development, so there is a need to shift from traditional means of transportation to sustainable transportation. Under the vision of sustainable mobility, better infrastructure and services will be provided to support the movement of goods and people. This outcome will be achieved only if four goals are pursued simultaneously: developing the right policy, building awareness, developing intelligent transportation, and creating green vehicles. Sustainable Mobility: Policies, Challenges and Advancements will discuss transitions from conventional to sustainable mobility, infrastructure development challenges in this transition period, new vehicle policies, and the latest autonomous vehicles for intelligent transportation. The main highlights of the book are energy efficient technologies for transportation, accessibility and safety of the transport system, environmental footprint, health impacts, economic development, and social growth. Sustainable mobility is essential to economic and social development. The environmental impacts of transport can be reduced by reducing the weight of vehicles, creating sustainable styles of driving, reducing the friction of tires, encouraging electric and hybrid vehicles, improving the walking and cycling environment in cities, and enhancing the role of public transport, especially electric vehicles. Going green and sustainable is not only beneficial for the company, but it also maximizes the benefits of an environmental focus in the long term.