List of Contributors xv About the Editors xix Preface xxiii 1 The Necessity for Modernizing the Coupled Structure of Intelligent Transportation Systems and Multi-Energy Networks 1Mohammadreza Daneshvar, Amjad Anvari-Moghaddam, and Reza Razzaghi 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Applications of Intelligent Transportation Systems 2 1.3 Coupled Structure of ITSs and Multi-Energy Networks 5 1.4 Summary 6 2 Green Transportation Systems 8Reza Gharibi, Behrooz Vahidi, and Rahman Dashti 2.1 Introduction 8 2.2 History of Transportation 11 2.3 Transportation Expansion Issues 12 2.4 Definition of Green Transportation 17 2.5 Advantages of Green Transportation 18 2.6 International Agreements 18 2.7 Challenges to GT 20 2.8 Green Transportation’s Effects on Multi-Energy Networks 25 2.9 Implementation Strategies for the Green Transportation System 25 2.10 New Technologies for Green Transportation 28 2.11 Intelligent Transportation System 31 2.11.1 Vehicle Communication in Intelligent Transportation 32 2.12 Conclusion 33 3 Techno-Economic-Environmental Assessment of Green Transportation Systems 39M. Imran Azim, Mohsen Khorasany, and Reza Razzaghi 3.1 Introduction 39 3.2 Technologies for Green Transportation Systems 42 3.3 Economic Implications of Green Transportation Systems 47 3.4 Environmental Implications of Green Transportation Systems 50 3.5 Conclusion 53 4 Urban Integrated Sustainable Transportation Networks 59Syed Muhammad Nawazish Ali, Saman Ahmadi, Ali Moradi Amani, and Mahdi Jalili 4.1 Introduction 59 4.2 Necessity of Sustainable Transportation 62 4.3 Challenges and Opportunities Associated with the Implementation of Sustainable Transportation 65 4.4 Modes of Sustainable Transportation 70 4.5 Sustainable Transportation in Modern Urban Advancement 74 4.6 Infrastructure for Sustainable Transportation 77 4.7 Conclusion 84 5 Multi-Energy Technologies in Green and Integrated Transportation Networks 92M. Edwin, M. Saranya Nair, and S. Joseph Sekhar 5.1 Introduction 92 5.2 Definition of Green Transportation 94 5.3 Technological Development and Managerial Integration for Green Transportation 94 5.4 Definition and Features of Integrated Multi-Energy System 99 5.5 Electric Vehicle Integration with Renewable Energy Sources 102 5.6 Hybrid Fuel Cell/Battery Vehicle Systems 104 5.7 Barriers and Challenges 108 5.8 Conclusion 110 6 Flexible Operation of Power-To-X Energy Systems in Transportation Networks 117Hessam Golmohamadi 6.1 Introduction 118 6.2 Power to Hydrogen 124 6.3 Power to Methane 129 6.4 Power to Chemical (P2C) 134 6.5 Power to Heat (P2H) 142 6.6 Power to Transport (P2T) 143 6.7 Power Demand Flexibility 145 6.8 Conclusion 148 7 Integration of Electric Vehicles into Multi-energy Systems 165Samaneh Sadat Sajjadi, Ali Moradi Amani, Nawazish Ali, and Mahdi Jalili 7.1 Introduction 166 7.2 Multi-energy Systems Structure 169 7.3 Integration of EVs in MES 184 7.4 Conclusion 204 8 Self-Driving Vehicle Systems in Intelligent Transportation Networks 217Yigit Cagatay Kuyu 8.1 Introduction 217 8.2 Brief History 218 8.3 Literature Review 220 8.4 Advantages and Challenges 220 8.5 Sensing 221 8.6 Perception 223 8.7 Planning and Control 227 8.8 Conclusion 230 9 Energy Storage Technologies and Control Systems for Electric Vehicles 237Mariem Ahmed Baba, Mohamed Naoui, and Mohamed Cherkaoui 9.1 Introduction 238 9.2 Fuel Cell 239 9.3 Battery Technologies for Electric Vehicles 245 9.4 Overview of Brushless Motor 249 9.5 BLDC Motor Control Strategy for Electric Vehicles 252 9.6 Simulation Results 256 9.7 Environnemental Impact of EVs 257 9.8 EVs and Modern Technologies 258 9.9 Challenges and Perspectives of EVs 260 9.10 Conclusion 260 10 Electric Vehicle Path Towards Sustainable Transportation: A Comprehensive Structure 266Vikas Khare, Ankita Jain, and Miraj Ahmed Bhuiyan 10.1 Introduction 266 10.2 Optimum Design of EVs 269 10.3 Characterization of EV Battery System 273 10.4 Control System of EVs 278 10.5 Reliability Assessment of EV 281 10.6 Assessment of EV Charging Station 282 10.7 Worldwide Policy Framework for EV 287 10.8 Electric Vehicles on the Sustainability and Reliability of Transportation Network 290 10.9 Recent Trends and Future Challenges 291 11 Electric Vehicle Charging Management in Parking Structures 301Tania Panayiotou, Michalis Mavrovouniotis, and Georgios Ellinas 11.1 Introduction 301 11.2 EV Charging Management Schemes 302 11.3 Fair Charging Management 304 11.4 Delay-Fair Charging Management 307 11.5 QoS-Fair Charging Management 315 11.6 Closing Remarks 320 12 Multi-Energy Management Schemes for the Sustainability of Intelligent Interconnected Transportation Systems 325M. Edwin, M. C. Eniyan, M. Saranya Nair, and G. Antony Miraculas 12.1 Introduction 325 12.2 History of Transportation System – Overview 328 12.3 Concept of IITS 328 12.4 Barriers to Successful Implementation of IITS 331 12.5 Intelligent Modern Energy Transport Systems 332 12.6 Role of Multi-Energy Management Schemes for the Sustainability of Transportation Networks 334 12.7 Result Discussion, Current Challenges, and Future Research Opportunities 338 12.8 Conclusion 341 13 Blockchain-Based Financial and Economic Analysis of Green Vehicles: Path Towards Intelligent Transportation 344Ankita Jain and Vikas Khare 13.1 Introduction 344 13.2 Country-Wise Financial Analysis of EVs 346 13.3 Key Financial Ratio for Financial Analysis of EVs 353 13.4 Cost Assessment of EVs with Different Parameters 357 13.5 Financial and Economic Analysis of Green Vehicle Infrastructure by Blockchain 368 13.6 Applicability of Different Blockchain Cryptocurrencies in EV Transaction 374 13.7 Challenges and Advantages of Using Blockchain for EVs 374 13.8 Conclusion 375 14 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles Toward Intelligent Transportation Systems 379Fereidoun H. Panahi and Farzad H. Panahi 14.1 Introduction 380 14.2 WSN for ITSs: The Energy Supply Issue and Existing Solutions 382 14.3 UAV-Based WRSN Charging Scheme for ITSs 383 14.4 Challenges and Advantages of Using UAVs in WRSN-Based ITSs 384 14.5 Simulation Results 389 14.6 Conclusions 394 15 Autonomous Vehicle Systems in Intelligent Interconnected Transportation Networks 400Christos Chronis, Konstantinos Tserpes, and Iraklis Varlamis 15.1 Introduction 400 15.2 Related Work 403 15.3 Reinforcement Learning for Autonomous Driving Personalization 412 15.4 Federated Reinforcement Learning 415 15.5 Experimental Evaluation of Driving Personalization Using Federated RL 419 15.6 Discussion 424 15.7 Conclusions 425 Acknowledgment 426 References 426 Index 432

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