Preface xxiii Acknowledgements xxv 1 Introduction to Design Using Microstrip and Planar Lines 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Origins of Microstrip 2 1.3 RF and Microwave Modules 4 1.4 Interconnections on RF and Microwave Integrated Circuits 13 1.5 High-speed Digital Interconnections 15 1.6 Summary 18 References 18 2 Fundamentals of Signal Transmission on Interconnects 19 2.1 Introduction 19 2.2 Transmission Lines and Interconnects 19 2.3 Interconnects as Part of a Packaging Hierarchy 20 2.4 The Physical Basis of Interconnects 21 2.5 The Physics, a Guided Wave 23 2.6 When an Interconnect Should be Treated as a Transmission Line 32 2.7 The Concept of RF Transmission Lines 34 2.8 Primary Transmission Line Constants 34 2.9 Secondary Constants for Transmission Lines 35 2.10 Transmission Line Impedances 37 2.11 Reflection 38 2.12 Multiple Conductors 41 2.13 Return Currents 44 2.14 Modeling of Interconnects 47 2.15 Summary 49 References 50 3 Microwave Network Analysis 51 3.1 Introduction 51 3.2 Two-port Networks 51 3.3 Scattering Parameter Theory 55 3.4 Signal-flow Graph Techniques and S Parameters 70 3.5 Summary 74 References 74 4 Transmission Line Theory 76 4.1 Introduction 76 4.2 Transmission Line Theory 76 4.3 Chain (ABCD) Parameters for a Uniform Length of Loss-free Transmission Line 81 4.4 Change in Reference Plane 82 4.5 Working With a Complex Characteristic Impedance 83 4.6 Summary 87 References 88 5 Planar Interconnect Technologies 89 5.1 Introductory Remarks 89 5.2 Microwave Frequencies and Applications 89 5.3 Transmission Line Structures 91 5.4 Substrates for Planar Transmission Lines 98 5.5 Thin-film Modules 102 5.6 Thick-film Modules 104 5.7 Monolithic Technology 105 5.8 Printed Circuit Boards 108 5.9 Multichip Modules 111 5.10 Summary 116 References 117 6 Microstrip Design at Low Frequencies 120 6.1 The Microstrip Design Problem 120 6.2 The Quasi-TEM Mode of Propagation 122 6.3 Static-TEM Parameters 124 6.4 Effective Permittivity and Characteristic Impedance of Microstrip 127 6.5 Filling Factor 132 6.6 Approximate Graphically Based Synthesis 134 6.7 Formulas for Accurate Static-TEM Design Calculations 137 6.8 Electromagnetic Analysis-based Techniques 139 6.9 A Worked Example of Static-TEM Synthesis 140 6.10 Microstrip on a Dielectrically Anisotropic Substrate 141 6.11 Microstrip and Magnetic Materials 146 6.12 Effects of Finite Strip Thickness, Metallic Enclosure, and Manufacturing Tolerances 147 6.13 Pulse Propagation along Microstrip Lines 151 6.14 Recommendations Relating to the Static-TEM Approaches 152 6.15 Summary 154 References 155 7 Microstrip at High Frequencies 157 7.1 Introduction 157 7.2 Frequency-dependent Effects 157 7.3 Approximate Calculations Accounting for Dispersion 169 7.4 Accurate Design Formulas 173 7.5 Effects due to Ferrite and to Dielectrically Anisotropic Substrates 182 7.6 Field Solutions 183 7.7 Frequency Dependence of Microstrip Characteristic Impedance 186 7.8 Multimoding and Limitations on Operating Frequency 190 7.9 Design Recommendations 194 7.10 Summary 196 References 196 8 Loss and Power-dependent Effects in Microstrip 200 8.1 Introduction 200 8.2 Q Factor as a Measure of Loss 200 8.3 Power Losses and Parasitic Effects 208 8.4 Superconducting Microstrip Lines 216 8.5 Power-handling Capabilities 219 8.6 Passive Intermodulation Distortion 221 8.7 Summary 224 References 224 9 Discontinuities in Microstrip 227 9.1 Introduction 227 9.2 The Main Discontinuities 228 9.3 Bends in Microstrip 236 9.4 Step Changes in Width (Impedance Step) 241 9.5 The Narrow Transverse Slit 243 9.6 Microstrip Junctions 245 9.7 Recommendations for the Calculation of Discontinuities 261 9.8 Summary 266 References 266 10 Parallel-coupled Microstrip Lines 268 10.1 Introduction 268 10.2 Coupled Transmission Line Theory 269 10.3 Formulas for Characteristic Impedance of Coupled Lines 278 10.4 Semi-empirical Analysis Formulas as a Design Aid 290 10.5 An Approximate Synthesis Technique 301 10.6 Summary 304 References 304 11 Applications of Parallel-coupled Microstrip Lines 306 11.1 Introduction 306 11.2 Directional Couplers 306 11.3 Design Example: Design of a 10 dB Microstrip Coupler 308 11.4 Frequency- and Length-Dependent Characteristics of Directional Couplers 310 11.5 Special Coupler Designs with Improved Performance 315 11.6 Thickness Effects, Power Losses, and Fabrication Tolerances 329 11.7 Choice of Structure and Design Recommendations 331 11.8 Summary 336 References 337 12 Microstrip Passive Elements 339 12.1 Introduction 339 12.2 Lumped Elements 339 12.3 Terminations and Attenuators 343 12.4 Microstrip Stubs 345 12.5 Hybrids and Couplers 348 12.6 Power Combiners and Dividers 355 12.7 Baluns 357 12.8 Integrated Components 359 12.9 Summary 365 References 365 13 Stripline Design 369 13.1 Introduction 369 13.2 Symmetrical Stripline 370 13.3 Asymmetrical Stripline 373 13.4 Suspended Stripline 375 13.5 Coupled Stripline 375 13.6 Double-sided Stripline 379 13.7 Discontinuities 380 13.8 Design Recommendations 381 13.9 Summary 382 References 382 14 CPW Design Fundamentals 384 14.1 Introduction to Properties of Coplanar Waveguide 384 14.2 Modeling CPWs 389 14.3 Formulas for Accurate Calculations 391 14.4 Loss Mechanisms 393 14.5 Dispersion 397 14.6 Discontinuities 408 14.7 Circuit Elements 421 14.8 Variants on the Basic CPW Structure 430 14.9 Summary 439 References 439 15 Slotline 443 15.1 Introduction 443 15.2 Basic Concept and Structure 444 15.3 Operating Principles and Modes 444 15.4 Propagation and Dispersion Characteristics 447 15.5 Evaluation of Guide Wavelength and Characteristic Impedance 451 15.6 Losses 453 15.7 End-effects: Open Circuits and Short Circuits 455 15.8 Summary 463 References 463 16 Slotline Applications 465 16.1 Introduction 465 16.2 Comparators and Couplers 465 16.3 Filter Applications 472 16.4 Magic T 474 16.5 The Marchand Balun 477 16.6 Phase Shifters 480 16.7 Isolators and Circulators 481 16.8 A Double-sided, Balanced Microwave Circuit 486 16.9 Summary 486 References 486 17 Transitions 488 17.1 Introduction 488 17.2 Coaxial-to-microstrip Transitions 488 17.3 Waveguide-to-microstrip Transitions 490 17.4 Transitions between CPW and other Mediums 495 17.5 Slotline Transitions 498 17.6 Other Microstrip Transitions 510 17.7 Summary 511 References 511 18 Measurements of Planar Transmission Line Structures 514 18.1 Introduction 514 18.2 Instrumentation Systems for Microstrip Measurements 514 18.3 Measurement of Scattering Parameters 515 18.4 Measurement of Substrate Properties 519 18.5 Microstrip Resonator Methods 523 18.6 Q Factor Measurements 533 18.7 Measurements of Parallel-coupled Microstrips 535 18.8 Time-domain Reflectometry Techniques 537 18.9 Summary 539 References 539 19 Filters Using Planar Transmission Lines 541 19.1 Introduction 541 19.2 Filter Prototypes 541 19.3 Microstrip Filters 554 19.4 Microstrip Bandpass Filters 559 19.5 Parallel-coupled Line Bandpass Filters 561 19.6 Filter Design Accounting for Losses 572 19.7 Dielectric Resonators and Filters Using Them 572 19.8 Spurline Bandstop Filters 573 19.9 Summary 575 References 575 20 Magnetic Materials and Planar Transmission Lines 576 20.1 Introduction 576 20.2 Microwave Magnetic Materials 577 20.3 Effective Permeability of Magnetic Materials 587 20.4 Microstrip on a Ferrite Substrate 589 20.5 Isolators and Circulators 592 20.6 Transmission Lines Using Metaconductors 595 20.7 Frequency Selective Limiter 606 20.8 Summary 607 References 607 21 Interconnects for Digital Systems 610 21.1 Introduction 610 21.2 Overview of On-chip Interconnects 610 21.3 RC Modeling of On-chip Interconnects 613 21.4 Modeling Inductance 619 21.5 Clock Distribution 622 21.6 Resonant Clock Distribution 625 21.7 Summary 626 References 627 A Physical and Mathematical Properties 629 A.1 SI Units 629 A.2 SI Prefixes 629 A.3 Physical and Mathematical Constants 631 A. 4 Basis of Electromagnetic SI Units 631 A.5 Relationship of SI Units to CGS Units 632 B Material Properties 635 References 642 C RF and Microwave Substrates 643 C.1 Hard substrates 643 C.2 Soft Substrates 644 Index 647