Food Materials Science and Engineering covers a comprehensive range of topics in relation to food materials, their properties and characterisation techniques, thus offering a new approach to understanding food production and quality control.

Preface ix List of Contributors xi 1 Food Materials Science and Engineering: An Overview 1 Bhesh Bhandari and Yrjö H. Roos 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Molecular basis of food materials 4 1.3 Observation of materials at various size ranges and size-property relationship 5 1.4 Amorphous and crystalline structures of materials 7 1.5 Gel structures of food materials 10 1.6 Interfacial properties of the food materials 14 1.7 Application of materials science in food design and development of engineered food materials 21 1.8 Conclusion 23 References 23 2 Micro to Macro Level Structures of Food Materials 26 Deepak Bhopatkar, Bruce R. Hamaker and Osvaldo H. Campanella 2.1 Microstructure definitions 26 2.2 Measurement of microstructures/nanostructures 28 2.3 The relationship between structure and quality 31 2.4 Microstructure and emulsions 35 2.5 Structure and sensory perception 37 2.6 Process to control the structure of food materials 39 2.7 Concluding remarks 45 References 45 3 Characterisation Techniques in Food Materials Science 52 Elliot Paul Gilbert, Amparo Lopez-Rubio and Michael J. Gidley 3.1 Introduction 52 3.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) 53 3.3 Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FT-IR) 59 3.4 X-ray powder diffraction 64 3.5 Small angle neutron & X-ray scattering (SANS and SAXS) 68 3.6 Confocal microscopy 78 3.7 Scanning electron microscopy 81 3.8 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) 84 3.9 Summary 87 References 87 4 Interfacial Phenomena in Structured Foods 94 Matt Golding 4.1 Introduction 94 4.2 Visualisation of surface structures 95 4.3 Fundamentals of interfacial assembly 102 4.4 The dynamic interface 108 4.5 Conclusions and future directions 130 References 131 5 Phase and State Transitions and Related Phenomena in Foods 136 Yrjö H. Roos 5.1 Introduction 136 5.2 Phase and state transitions 137 5.3 Food properties and formulation 144 5.4 Conclusions 148 References 149 6 Food Biopolymer Gels, Microgel and Nanogel Structures, Formation and Rheology 151 Jason R. Stokes 6.1 Introduction 151 6.2 Rheology of food gels: yielding and gelling soft matter 152 6.3 Formation and structure of biopolymer network gels 153 6.4 Formation and structure of micro- and nano-gel particles 159 6.5 Structure–rheology relationships of food gels and food gel structures 165 6.6 Outlook 171 Acknowledgements 172 References 172 7 Materials Science Approaches Towards Food Design 177 Job Ubbink 7.1 Introduction 177 7.2 Consumer-driven food design 177 7.3 Food design based on the supplemented state diagram 179 7.4 Design of foods and encapsulation systems in the glassy state 191 7.5 Retro-design for the delivery of bioactive ingredients in foods 195 7.6 Concluding remarks 201 References 202 8 Food Structures and Delivery of Nutrients 204 Ranjan Sharma 8.1 Introduction 204 8.2 Nutrient digestion and absorption in the gastrointestinal tract 205 8.3 Nutrients and their delivery challenges 208 8.4 Essential fatty acids 209 8.5 Antioxidants including vitamins and minerals 209 8.6 Probiotic bacteria 211 8.7 Plant sterols 211 8.8 Food structures and technologies for protection and delivery of nutrients 212 8.9 Protein-based structures for nutrient delivery 212 8.10 Microencapsulation 214 8.11 Fluidised bed coating 214 8.12 Spray drying 215 8.13 Spray chilling 215 8.14 Extrusion 216 8.15 Nanoparticles and emulsions 216 8.16 Food structure and bio-accessibility of nutrients 217 8.17 Conclusions and future directions 218 References 218 9 Effects of Emerging Processing Technologies on Food Material Properties 222 Henry Jaeger, Kai Reineke, Katharina Schoessler and Dietrich Knorr 9.1 Introduction 222 9.2 Pulsed electric fields (PEF) effect on food material properties 223 9.3 Isostatic high pressure (HP) effects on food material properties 237 9.4 Ultrasound (US) effect on food material properties 247 9.5 Conclusion and future trends 253 References 254 10 Food Protein Nanoparticles: Formation, Properties and Applications 263 Simon M. Loveday, M. A. Rao and Harjinder Singh 10.1 Introduction 263 10.2 Characterising the rheological properties of gels and dispersions 264 10.3 Formation and functionality of whey protein nanoparticles 265 10.4 Nanofibrils from food proteins 269 10.5 Protein − polysaccharide complexes 285 10.6 Concluding remarks 287 Notation 288 References 289 11 Nanocomposites for Food and Beverage Packaging Materials 295 Maria D. Sanchez Garcia and Jose M. Lagaron 11.1 Introduction 295 11.2 Barrier properties in packaging 298 11.3 Nanofillers for nanocomposite packaging materials 305 11.4 Examples of nanocomposites and their properties 309 11.5 Nanobiocomposites: concepts and barrier properties 311 11.6 Future trends 315 References 315 12 Encapsulation Techniques for Food Ingredient Systems 320 Zhongxiang Fang and Bhesh Bhandari 12.1 Introduction 320 12.2 Microencapsulation techniques 323 12.3 Conclusion 343 References 344 13 Food Texture is Only Partly Rheology 349 Olena Kravchuk, Peter Torley and Jason R. Stokes 13.1 Introduction 349 13.2 Texture is a multi-parameter sensory property 350 13.3 Texture research is driven by consumer food acceptance 351 13.4 Current directions in texture research 352 13.5 ‘Texture receptors’ 354 13.6 Oral processing 355 13.7 Role of saliva in sensory texture 357 13.8 Instrumental methods for texture quantification 359 13.9 Sensory evaluations of texture 362 13.10 Statistical methods in texture studies 365 13.11 Summary 368 References 369 14 Materials Science of Freezing and Frozen Foods 373 Yrjö H. Roos 14.1 Introduction 373 14.2 Freezing of simple solutions 374 14.3 Nucleation and crystal growth 375 14.4 Materials science aspects of nucleation in food freezing 377 14.5 Time-dependent ice formation 380 14.6 Manipulation of nucleation and crystal size 381 14.7 Recrystallisation in frozen foods 382 14.8 Conclusions 384 References 385 Index 387

Food materials science combines food physics, food chemistry and food processing and engineering into a single domain. Materials science involves the interdisciplinary study of the properties and behaviours of materials, and is a relatively new approach in the food and agricultural commodities sector. Its importance is increasingly recognised, however, driven by advances in disciplines such as polymer and biomedical sciences. The availability of many advanced material characterisation techniques, and the improved affordability of the required equipment, widens research possibilities in this area. Food Materials Science and Engineering looks at new techniques which can be used in the food industry to add value to food materials, ingredients and foods. Adding value to food materials is of vital commercial importance to the modern food industry as it seeks to meet consumer satisfaction, food safety and nutrient delivery in a rapidly advancing environment. The materials science approach has the potential to surpass traditional food science techniques in studying the structure and behaviour of food at the macro-, micro- and nano-levels, as well as developing our understanding of how nutrients are released and delivered. It is thought that this new approach will lead to improvements in the quality, shelf life and nutritional value of food products as well as offering the potential to develop new generation of products. This book will be invaluable in helping students and food scientists to understand the practical applications of materials science to food and biological materials. It introduces the historical background of the materials science and its relevance to food materials science, from the molecular basis upwards. Food materials properties, processing and performance are covered in depth, with reference to microstructures and sensory properties. The book also includes chapters on cutting edge topics, including phase transitions and the application of nanotechnology to food and food packaging.