Nanomaterials are defined as materials in which at least one length dimension is below 100 nanometers. In this size regime, these materials exhibit particular - and tunable - optical, electrical or mechanical properties that are not present at the macro-scale.

List of Contributors xv 1 Introduction for Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites: State of Art, New Challenges, and Opportunities 1 P. M. Visakh 1.1 Chemistry of Nanoscience and Technology 1 1.2 Carbon Nanotubes and Their Nanocomposites 2 1.3 Graphene- and Graphene Sheets-Based Nanocomposites 3 1.4 Nanocomposites of Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane (POSS) and Their Applications 4 1.5 Zeolites and Composites 6 1.6 Mesoporous Materials and Their Nanocomposites 7 1.7 Bio-Based Nanomaterials and Their Bio-Nanocomposites 9 1.8 Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs) and Their Composites 10 1.9 Modeling Methods for Modulus of Polymer/Carbon Nanotube (CNT) Nanocomposites 12 1.10 Nanocomposites Based on Cellulose, Hemicelluloses, and Lignin 13 References 15 2 Chemistry of Nanoscience and Technology 21 Aftab Aslam Parwaz Khan, Anish Khan, and Abdullah M. Asiri 2.1 Introduction 21 2.2 Nano 22 2.3 Nanomaterials 24 2.4 Quantum Materials 25 2.4.1 Classification of Superconductor 26 2.5 Forces and Bonding of Nanomaterials 29 2.5.1 Hydrogen-Bonding Assemblies 29 2.5.2 π–π Stacking Assemblies 31 2.5.3 Assemblies by Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Interactions 33 2.5.4 Metal–Ligand Interactions 36 2.5.5 Other Methods for Construction Nanomaterials 39 2.6 Zero-Dimensional Nanomaterials 40 2.7 One-Dimensional Nanomaterials 42 2.8 Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials 47 2.9 Challenges in Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 54 2.9.1 Challenges for Technological 54 2.9.2 Challenges and Research for the Social Cluster 54 2.9.3 The World Is Facing a Water Crisis 55 2.10 Applications of Nanoscience and Technology 59 2.10.1 Personal Care Products 59 2.10.2 Clays 60 2.10.3 Paints 60 2.10.4 Coatings and Surfaces 60 2.10.5 Renewable Energy 61 2.10.6 Batteries 61 2.10.7 Fuel Additives 61 2.10.8 Fuel Cells 62 2.10.9 Displays 62 2.10.10 Catalysts 62 2.10.11 Food 63 2.10.12 Consumer Products 63 2.10.13 Sports 63 2.10.14 Lubricants 64 2.10.15 Carbon Nanotube 64 2.10.16 Nanosensors 64 2.10.17 Magnetic Materials 66 2.10.18 Medical Implants 66 2.10.19 Machinable Ceramics 66 2.10.20 Elimination of Pollutants 67 2.10.21 Water Purification 67 2.10.22 Textiles 67 2.10.23 Military Battle Suits 68 2.11 Conclusion 68 References 69 3 Carbon Nanotubes and Their Nanocomposites 75 Sónia Simões, Filomena Viana, and Manuel F. Vieira 3.1 Carbon Nanotubes 75 3.1.1 Introduction 75 3.1.2 Structure of Carbon Nanotubes 76 3.1.3 Properties of Carbon Nanotubes 79 3.2 Carbon Nanotubes as Nanomaterials 81 3.2.1 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes 81 3.2.2 Chemical Modifications of Carbon Nanotubes 86 3.2.3 Physical Modifications of Carbon Nanotubes 87 3.3 Carbon Nanotubes Based Nanocomposites 89 3.3.1 Interfacial Interaction of Carbon Nanotubes in Nanocomposites 96 3.4 Conclusion 100 Acknowledgments 101 References 101 4 Graphene and Graphene Sheets Based Nanocomposites 107 Anish Khan, Aftab Aslam Parwaz Khan, and Abdullah M. Asiri 4.1 Introduction 107 4.1.1 Structure of Graphene and Graphene Sheets 107 4.1.2 Properties of Graphene and Graphene Sheets 110 4.1.3 Synthesis of Graphene and Graphene Sheets 112 4.1.4 Chemical Modifications of Graphene and Graphene Sheets 118 4.1.5 Physical Modifications of Graphene and Graphene Sheets 120 4.2 Graphene and Graphene Sheets Based Nanocomposites 121 4.2.1 Graphene and Graphene Sheets/Rubber Based Nanocomposites Preparation, Characterization, and Applications 123 4.2.2 Graphene and Graphene Sheets/Thermoplastic Based Nanocomposites Preparation, Characterization, and Applications 127 4.2.3 Graphene and Graphene Sheets/Thermoset Based Nanocomposites Preparation, Characterization, and Applications 129 4.2.4 Interfacial Interaction of Graphene and Graphene Sheets in Nanocomposites 133 4.3 Graphene and Graphene Sheets in Thermoplastic Based Blends Preparation, Characterization, and Applications 135 4.4 Graphene and Graphene Sheets in Rubber–Rubber Blends Preparation, Characterization, and Applications 138 4.5 Graphene and Graphene Sheets Based Micro and Macro Composites 143 4.6 Conclusion 144 References 145 5 Nanocomposites of Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane (POSS) and Their Applications 151 Dhorali Gnanasekaran 5.1 Introduction 151 5.1.1 Nanocomposites 151 5.1.2 How Nanocomposites Work? 154 5.1.3 Applications 154 5.1.4 Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane (POSS) 154 5.1.5 Hybrid Properties 156 5.1.6 Polymer Nanocomposites 157 5.1.7 Hybrid Nanocomposites from Silsesquioxane Monomers 159 5.1.8 Range of Other POSS Nanocomposites 170 5.2 Advantages of POSS Nanocomposites 174 5.3 Applications 175 5.3.1 Gas Separation Studies 175 5.3.2 Aerospace Industry 175 5.3.3 Electric Applications 177 5.3.4 Other Applications 178 5.4 Conclusions 179 References 179 6 Zeolites and Composites 187 G. Gnana kumar 6.1 Introduction 187 6.2 Progress of Zeolite Materials 189 6.2.1 Natural Zeolites 189 6.2.2 Artificially Synthesized Zeolites 190 6.2.3 Low-Silica Zeolites 190 6.2.4 High-Silica Zeolites 190 6.3 Classification of Zeolites 191 6.3.1 Classification Based on the Pore Structure 191 6.3.2 Classification Based on Structural Building Units 192 6.3.3 Classification Based on the Ring Structure 193 6.3.4 Classification Based on Si/Al Ratio 193 6.3.5 Classification of Zeolites Based on the Crystal Structure 194 6.4 Molecular Sieves 194 6.5 Synthesis of Zeolites 197 6.5.1 History of Zeolite Synthesis 197 6.5.2 Conventional Synthesis Approaches 197 6.5.3 Green Approaches 199 6.5.4 Recent Synthesis Approaches 200 6.5.5 Droplet-Based Synthesis Method 201 6.5.6 Other Synthesis Approaches 202 6.5.7 Zeolite Composites 203 6.6 Properties 204 6.6.1 Physical Properties 204 6.6.2 Chemical Properties 206 6.7 Applications 208 6.7.1 Fuel Cells 208 6.7.2 Dye Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) 209 6.7.3 Batteries 210 6.7.4 Oil Refining 211 6.7.5 Photocatalysts 212 6.7.6 Hydrogen (H2) Storage 213 6.7.7 CO2 Capture 214 6.8 Future Perspectives of Zeolites and Their Composites 214 6.9 Conclusion 216 References 216 7 Mesoporous Materials and Their Nanocomposites 223 Vijay K. Tomer, Sunita Devi, Ritu Malik, and Surender Duhan 7.1 Introduction of Mesoporous Materials 223 7.2 IUPAC Classification of Porous Materials 224 7.3 Synthesis Pathways for the Formation of Mesoporous Materials 225 7.4 Role of Structure Directing Agents/Surfactants 225 7.4.1 Lyotropic Liquid Crystals (LLCs) 227 7.5 Type of Surfactants 229 7.5.1 Charged Surfactant Template 229 7.5.2 Neutral Surfactant Templates 230 7.6 RoleofTemplates 231 7.6.1 Soft Templates 231 7.6.2 Hard Templates 231 7.7 Types of Mesoporous Materials: Structure and Properties 232 7.7.1 Mesoporous Silica 232 7.7.2 Mesoporous Metal Oxides 237 7.7.3 Mesoporous Carbon 238 7.7.4 Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Mesoporous Materials 240 7.8 Chemical Modification of Mesoporous Materials: Functionalization 243 7.8.1 Grafting Method 243 7.8.2 Co-condensation Method 244 7.9 Mesoporous Silica/Polymer Nanocomposites 244 7.10 Mesoporous Carbon/Polymer Nanocomposites 247 7.11 Mesoporous Silica/Metal (Oxides) Nanocomposites 248 7.12 Applications 248 7.12.1 Drug Delivery 248 7.12.2 Adsorption 249 7.12.3 Catalysis 249 7.12.4 Sensors 250 7.13 Conclusion and Outlook 250 References 252 8 Bio-based Nanomaterials and Their Bionanocomposites 255 Dipali R. Bagal-Kestwal, Rakesh M. Kestwal, and Been H. Chiang 8.1 Introduction for Bio-based Nanomaterials 255 8.2 Cellulose 256 8.2.1 Structure and Properties of Cellulose 257 8.2.2 Origin of Cellulose 259 8.2.3 Cellulose Nanomaterials 260 8.2.4 Cellulose Nanocomposites 270 8.3 Chitin/Chitosan 276 8.3.1 Structure and Properties of Chitin/Chitosan 277 8.3.2 Origin of Chitin/Chitosan 279 8.3.3 Chitin Nanomaterials: Preparation, Characterization, and Applications 279 8.3.4 Chitin Nanocomposites: Preparation, Characterization, and Applications 282 8.4 Starch 287 8.4.1 Structure and Properties of Starch 287 8.4.2 Origin of Starch 287 8.4.3 Starch Nanoparticles: Preparation, Characterization, and Applications 288 8.4.4 Starch Nanocomposites (StNCs): Preparation, Characterization, and Applications 293 8.5 Soy Protein Isolate (SPI) 294 8.5.1 Structure and Properties of SPI 295 8.5.2 Origin of Soy Protein Isolate 295 8.5.3 SPI Nanomaterials: Preparations, Characterization, and Applications 295 8.5.4 SPI Nanocomposites: Preparation, Characterization, and Applications 297 8.6 Casein (CAS) 299 8.6.1 Structure and Properties of Casein Nanomaterials 299 8.6.2 Origin of Casein 300 8.6.3 Casein Nanomaterials: Preparation, Characterization, and Applications 301 8.6.4 Casein Nanocomposites: Preparation, Characterization, and Applications 304 8.7 Alginates 307 8.7.1 Structure and Properties 307 8.7.2 Origin of Alginates 308 8.7.3 Alginates Nanomaterials: Preparation, Characterization, and Applications 308 8.7.4 Alginates Nanocomposites: Preparation, Characterization, and Applications 309 8.8 Other Polymers 312 8.8.1 Gelatin/Collagen 312 8.8.2 Whey Protein 313 8.9 Conclusions 313 List of abbreviations 315 References 316 9 Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs) and Its Composites 331 Ali Morsali and Lida Hashemi 9.1 Composites 332 9.1.1 MOF-Organic Matrix Composites 332 9.1.2 MOF-Inorganic Matrix Composites 334 9.1.3 Composites of MOFs with Graphite Oxide 335 9.1.4 Composites of MOFs with Functionalized Graphite 338 9.1.5 Composites of MOFs with Carbon Nanotubes 341 9.1.6 Composites of MOFs with Polymers 345 9.1.7 Composites of MOFs with Mesoporous Silica and Alumina 351 9.1.8 Composites of MOFs with Metal Nanoparticles 358 9.1.9 Composites of MOFs with Silk 360 References 365 10 Modeling Methods for Modulus of Polymer/Carbon nanotube (CNT) Nanocomposites 367 Yasser Zare and Hamid Garmabi 10.1 Introduction 367 10.2 Results and Discussion 369 10.2.1 Molecular Modeling 369 10.2.2 Continuum Methods 369 10.2.3 Multiscale Techniques 380 10.3 Conclusions and Future Challenges 383 References 383 11 Nanocomposites Based on Cellulose, Hemicelluloses, and Lignin 391 Diana Elena Ciolacu and Raluca Nicoleta Darie 11.1 Introduction 391 11.2 Cellulose 392 11.2.1 Morphology and Structural Aspects of Cellulose 392 11.2.2 Preparation and Characterization of Cellulose Nanoparticles (CNs) 395 11.2.3 Cellulose Nanocomposites 402 11.2.4 Applications of Nanocellulose 404 11.3 Hemicellulose 405 11.3.1 Methods for the Isolation of Hemicellulose 406 11.3.2 Preparation of Nanoparticles from Hemicelluloses 408 11.3.3 Hemicellulose Nanocomposites 409 11.4 Lignin 410 11.4.1 Procedures for Lignin Isolation and Their Properties 410 11.4.2 Lignin-based Nanomaterials and Nanocomposites 411 11.4.3 Applications of Nanomaterials Containing Lignin 413 11.5 Risk Assessment of Nanoparticles and Nanomaterials 414 11.6 Future Perspectives and Conclusions 415 References 416 Index 425