About the Book xvii About the Editors xix Preface xxi 1 Emerging Techniques for Treatment of Wastewater 1Naseema A. Wani, Nazir A. Malik, Younas R. Tantary, Ishrat Jan, Tawseef Ahmad, and Mohammad S. Wani 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Composition of Untreated Wastewater and Its Effect on Water Bodies 2 1.3 Strategies to Treat Wastewater 4 1.4 Tertiary Treatment 8 1.5 Natural Processes for Wastewater Management 9 1.6 Emerging or Advanced Techniques for the Treatment of Wastewater 11 1.7 Conclusion 17 2 Aquatic Ecosystems and Health Threats: Case Study on the Nickel Pollution in Gölbasi Lake in Hatay -- Turkiye 25Volkan Altay, Büsra Kara, Ibrahim E. Yalcin, and Munir Ozturk 2.1 Introduction 25 2.2 Threats to the Health of Aquatic Ecosystems 25 2.3 Data Analysis 29 2.4 Results from the Study 31 2.5 Conclusions 38 3 Endophytic Fungi and Bacteria: Enhancement of Heavy Metal Phytoextraction 43Amauri Ponce-Hernández, Javier A. Gómez-Rubio, Juan G. Ceballos-Maldonado, Domingo Martínez-Soto, Margarita Márquez-Vega, Alejandro Hernández-Morales, and Candy Carranza-Álvarez 3.1 Introduction 43 3.2 Main Anthropogenic Sources Releasing HMs into the Environment 43 3.3 Phytoremediation of HMs 44 3.4 Advantages and Disadvantages 47 3.5 Factors that Increase HMs Phytoremediation 47 3.6 Phytoremediation Mechanisms 48 3.7 Microbiota in Plants Used in Phytoremediation 50 3.8 Bacteria that Enhance Phytoremediation 53 3.9 Conclusion 53 4 Mechanism of Heavy Metal-Induced Stress and Tolerance 61Jose A. Montes-Rocha, Angel J. Alonso-Castro, and Candy Carranza-Álvarez 4.1 Introduction 61 4.2 Heavy Metal-Induced Stress 61 4.3 Metal Tolerance Mechanisms 62 4.4 Root Exudates 62 4.5 Cellular Wall 63 4.6 Plasma Membrane 65 4.7 Vacuole 67 4.8 Xylem 67 4.9 Phloem 68 4.10 Sequestering of Metals in the Cytosol by Various Ligands 69 4.11 Considerations 71 4.12 Conclusion 71 5 Biotechnology for Sustainable Remediation of Contaminated Wastewater 77Younis A. Hajam 5.1 Introduction 77 5.2 Organic Contaminants 78 5.3 Biotechnology in Environmental Engineering 79 5.4 Biological Treatment 82 5.5 Electrochemical Method 84 5.6 Heavy Metal Treatment 86 5.7 Conclusion 87 6 Novel Trends of Biotechnology in Wastewater Treatment 95Anjani K. Upadhyay, Kazi N. Hasan, Apratim Chakraborty, and Manisha Priyadarshini 6.1 Introduction 95 6.2 The Nascent Organic Methods 96 6.3 Forthcoming Technologies/Incubating Ideas: Theory of Existential Growth 104 6.4 Conclusion: Progression of Trending Technologies in Water Science 105 7 Role of Free-Floating Macrophytes in the Abatement of Disturbed Environments 113Wajiha Anum, Umair Riaz, Ghulam Murtaza, Syed Ali Zulqadar, and Laila Shahzad 7.1 Introduction 113 7.2 Nutrient Equilibrium 113 7.3 Importance of Free-Floating Macrophytes in Ecosystem Structure and Function 113 7.4 How Toxins are Added to the Environment 114 7.5 Role of Aquatic Plants in Water Bodies 114 7.6 Phytoremediation 115 7.7 FFPs as Bioabsorbants 116 8 Enzymatic Approach for Phytoremediation 123Anjali Pathak, Mahendra K. Gupta, Mir S. Rabani, Shivani Tripathi, Sadhna Pandey , Charu Gupta, and Meenakshi Shrivastav 8.1 Introduction 123 8.2 Mechanism and Types of Phytoremediation 124 8.3 Conclusion 128 9 Phyto-Metalloproteins and Restoration of Freshwater Ecosystems 131Ekta B. Jadhav, Shefali, Varad Nagar, Vinay Aseri, Poonam Kumari, Vanisha Godara, Sneha Lohar, Kumud K. Awasthi, Garima Awasthi, and Mahipal S. Sankhla 9.1 Introduction 131 9.2 Phytoremediation 132 9.3 Role of Metalloproteins in Phytoremediation 133 9.4 Use of Phytometalloproteins for Remediation of Contamination and Restoration of Freshwater Ecosystems 134 9.5 Heavy Metal Uptake from Contaminated Water 135 9.6 Phytometalloproteins in Remediation of Contaminated Freshwater Ecosystems 137 9.7 Genetically Engineered or Modified Metalloproteins for Improved Remediation of Contaminated Water 138 9.8 Conclusion 139 10 Phytoremediation: The Way Forward 145Muatasim Jan, Tawseef A. Mir, and Rakesh K. Khare 10.1 Introduction 145 10.2 Need for Phytoremediation 146 10.3 Phytoremediation Approaches 147 10.4 Hyperaccumulation 150 10.5 Genetically Engineered Plants and Phytoremediation 152 10.6 Multiple Benefits of Phytoremediation from Ecological to Socioeconomic 152 10.7 Phytoremediation-Theoretical Aspects 154 10.8 Phytomanagement: A New Paradigm 155 10.9 Future Prospects 157 10.10 Conclusions 157 11 Biotechnological Advancements in Phytoremediation 165Venkatesh Chunduri, Payal Kapoor, Anita Kumari, Aman Kumar, Saloni Sharma, Natasha Sharma, Satveer Kaur, and Monika Garg 11.1 Introduction 165 11.2 Types of Phytoremediation 165 11.3 Types of Pollutants 167 11.4 Naturally Available Plant Species for Phytoremediation 168 11.5 Phytoremediation of Organic Pollutants 168 11.6 Advances in Biotechnological Approaches for Phytoremediation of Different Pollutants 171 11.7 Biotechnology Advances in the Phytoremediation of Inorganic Pollutants 172 11.8 Biotechnology Advances in the Phytoremediation of Organic Pollutants 175 11.9 Implications of Transgenic Plants for Phytoremediation against Herbicides 175 11.10 Nanomaterials-Assisted Phytoremediation 176 11.11 Next-Generation Sequencing and Omics Approach for Improving Phytoremediation 176 11.12 Gene Editing Tools and Phytoremediation 178 11.13 Conclusion 179 12 Phytoremediation of Pesticides and Heavy Metals in Contaminated Environs 189Durdana Shah, Azra Kamili, Nasreena Sajjad, Sumira Tyub, Gousia Majeed, Sabira Hafiz, Wasifa Noor, Saba Yaqoob, and Ishfaq Maqbool 12.1 Introduction 189 12.2 Mechanism of Phytoremediation by Heavy Metals 190 12.3 Factors which Affect Uptake Mechanisms 193 12.4 Strategies for Improved Efficiency of Phytoremediation 194 12.5 Metal Chelators Encoded by Overexpression Genes 194 12.6 Origins of Pesticide Entry into Water 194 12.7 Effects of Pesticides 197 12.8 Threats to Terrestrial Biodiversity 199 12.9 Impacts of Pesticides on Soil Ecosystem Services 199 13 Biotechnological Interventions for Removal of Heavy Metals and Metalloids from Water Resources 207Munir Ozturk, Bengu Turkyilmaz Unal, and Huseyin Turker 13.1 Introduction 207 13.2 Water Pollution 207 13.3 Heavy Metals and Metalloids 208 13.4 Effects of Heavy Metals and Metalloids on Water Pollution 208 13.5 Heavy Metal and Metalloids Removal 209 13.6 Bioremediation in Pollution Management 209 13.7 Biosensors 212 13.8 Biotechnological Methods Used in the Removal of HMMs 213 13.9 Conclusion 213 14 Microbial Biofilms -- Pollutant Load Suppressor 219Tanaji V. Latha, Uzma Sultana, Podduturi Vanamala, and Mir Z. Gul 14.1 Introduction 219 14.2 Characteristic Features of Biofilms that are Exploited for Bioremediation 219 14.3 Environmental Pollutants 220 14.4 Microbial Biofilms 220 14.5 Pesticide Degradation 224 14.6 Wastewater Treatment 225 14.7 Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs) 225 14.8 Bioremediation of Organic Pollutants 226 14.9 Bioremediation of Heavy Metals 226 14.10 Toxicity of Heavy Metals 227 14.11 Conclusion 229 15 Recent Advances in the Biodegradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons: Insights from Whole Genome Sequencing 239Yahaya Y. Riko and Zubairu U. Darma 15.1 Introduction: Aquatic Contamination Through Petroleum Hydrocarbons -- Sources, Statistics, Impact, and Solution 239 15.2 Whole Genome Sequencing (WGS): History, Concepts, Methodology, Analyses, and Relevance to Biodegradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons 241 15.3 Key Insights and Recent Advances from Studies on the WGS of Petroleum Hydrocarbon-Degrading (Hydrocarbonoclastic) Bacteria in the Past Decade (2012--2021) 246 15.4 Future Research Directions in WGS Studies of Petroleum Hydrocarbon-Degrading Bacteria 267 15.5 Conclusions 268 16 Green Synthesized Nanomaterials as Tools to Remediate Aquatic Pollution 277Charu Gupta, Mahendra K. Gupta, Mir S. Rabani, Shivani Tripathi, and Anjali Pathak 16.1 Introduction 277 16.2 Approaches of Nanoparticle Synthesis 278 16.3 Routes of Metal Nanoparticle Synthesis 279 16.4 Applications of Green Nanomaterials in the Remediation of Aquatic Pollution 280 16.5 Conclusion 285 17 Nanotechnology-Based Applications: A Valuable Tool for Wastewater Clean-up 291Mir Z. Gul, Beedu S. Rao, and Karuna Rupula 17.1 Introduction 291 17.2 Nanotechnology: A Reliable Tool 292 17.3 Main Nanotechnological Processes for Water Purification and Wastewater Treatment 293 17.4 Polymer-Based Nanoabsorbents 295 17.5 Membrane-Based Technology 296 17.6 Nanomaterials for Microbial Control and Disinfection 299 17.7 Photocatalytic-Based Technology 300 17.8 Conclusions and Future Outlook 302 18 Reliability on Nanoscience: A Valuable Cleaning Tool for Wastewaters 313Fernanda M. P. Tonelli, Helon G. Cordeiro, Danilo R. C. Ferreira, and Flávia C. P. Tonelli 18.1 Introduction 313 18.2 Wastewater's Pollution 313 18.3 Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials 314 18.4 Nanoscience and Wastewater Remediation 316 18.5 Conclusions 321 18.6 Future Perspectives 321 19 Transgenic Plant Technology and its Role in Bioremediation 329Gulzar A. Rathar, Romica Verma, and Bhavana Sharma 19.1 Introduction 329 19.2 Transgenic Plant Technology 331 19.3 Transgenic Plants in Bioremediation 331 19.4 Metal Accumulators 332 19.5 Need for Transgenic Plants 333 19.6 Phytoremediation Via Chelation 334 19.7 Phytovolatilization 335 19.8 Chemical Modification 336 19.9 Risk Assessment 337 19.10 Future Perspectives 338 20 Comprehensive Note on Various Wastewater Treatment Strategies 345Amna Aqeel and Javaria Zafar 20.1 Introduction 345 20.2 Treatment Strategies 346 20.3 Methods of Wastewater Treatments 350 20.4 Electrochemical Methods of Wastewater Treatment 355 20.5 Biological Treatment 356 20.6 Strategies for Biological Treatment 356 21 Case Studies of Aquatic Contamination and Bioremediation 367Younis A. Hajam and Diksha 21.1 Introduction 367 21.2 Water Contamination 367 21.3 Noxious and Hazardous Combinations in Diesel-Tarnished Water 374 21.4 Halophilic Tiny Creatures Expected to Work as Bioremediation Trained Professionals 375 21.5 Parts Drew in with Diesel Bioremediation by Organisms 376 21.6 Conclusion 377 References 377 Glossary 385 Index 389

Authoritative resource presenting techniques and technologies to sustainably neutralize environmental contamination in aquatic plants, microorganisms, and more Two thirds of the Earth is covered with aquatic habitats that play a key role in stabilizing the global environment and providing a wide variety of services to increasing human needs. Nevertheless, anthropogenic activities are rapidly destroying the quality of both fresh and marine waters globally, due to excessive use of chemicals, fertilizers and pollution from suburban and industrial areas eventually making their way into the aquatic world. Aquatic Contamination: Tolerance and Bioremediation presents the broader spectrum of biological applicability of microbes with better understanding of cellular mechanisms for remediation of aquatic contaminants. The book also focuses on practices involved in molecular and genetic approaches, necessary to achieve targets of bioremediation and phytoremediation to solve global water contamination problems. Such approaches pave the way for the utilization of biological assets to design new, efficient, and environmentally sound remediation strategies by inculcating genomic techniques at cellular and molecular levels with model assessment. Aquatic Contamination provides a comprehensive background for readers interested in all perspectives of the contamination of aquatic environs. It covers various research aspects which are being carried out globally to understand simulation models in the assessment of xenobiotics, role of genomics, transgenic plants, and microbial enzymes for degradation and removal of toxic substances in aquatic environs. Key features include: Extensive coverage of interactions between plants, metals and microbes including the influence of biotic and abiotic factorsComprehensive discussion of the details of molecular mechanisms from assimilation to detoxification levelsExploration of the enzymatic approaches of potential plants acting as hyper-accumulators for contaminants in aquatic environsDetails of sustainable tools such as transgenic plants for the manipulation of important functional microbial genes to achieve higher certainty of bioremediationDetails of advances in tools and models like micro-arrays and simulation models for the complete assessment of xenobiotic compounds from cellular to degradation hierarchies Aquatic Contamination: Tolerance and Bioremediation will be substantially helpful to environmentalists, microbiologists, biotechnologists and scientists, providing essential information on various modern technologies for the remediation of contaminants in aquatic ecosystems.