This open access book synthesizes important advances in the assessment and management of soil and groundwater systems contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons, especially in the form of light non-aqueous phase liquids (LNAPLs).

1. Introduction Challenges of LNAPL remediation.- 2. Subsurface flow and transport in heterogeneous media.- 3. Evolution of our understanding on LNAPL distribution.- 4. Novel formulations of capillary pressure-fluid saturation relationships.- 5. LNAPL mobility, transmissivity, and recoverability.- 6. The new paradigm of natural source zone depletion.- 7.Advances in field characterisation methods.- 8. High-resolution site characterisation.- 9. Geophysical investigations.- 10.LNAPL dissolution and the mass flux approach.- 11.Vapour intrusion.- 12. Advances in risk assessment.- 13. Remediation strategies.- 14. Remediation endpoints.- 15. Case study on natural source zone depletion.- 16.Case study on high-resolution site characterisation.- 17.Case study on risk management.- 18. Persistent questions and future directions.

This open access book synthesizes important advances in the assessment and management of soil and groundwater systems contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons, especially in the form of light non-aqueous phase liquids (LNAPLs). LNAPL characterization and remediation is challenging due to the multi-phase, multi-component nature of the problem and the various physical, chemical, and biological processes involved in a dynamic and heterogeneous hydrogeological setting. This book focuses on the current state of practice of LNAPL characterization and remediation and seeks to provide information and a framework that would allow some of these complexities to be better addressed by contaminated land practitioners, researchers, and regulators.

Gathers the most important advances in the management of sites contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons Focuses on the current state of practice of LNAPL characterization and remediation Seeks to provide information and a framework that would allow some of these complexities to be better addressed Is open access, which means that you have free and unlimited access

Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book's Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the book's Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.