Preface xvii 1 Nanotechnology: History, Trends and Modern Applications 1Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Olalekan Akinbo, John Tsado Mathew, Chukwuebuka Egbuna, Abel Inobeme, Olotu Titilayo, Olulope Olufemi Ajayi, Wadazani Dauda, Shakira Ghazanfar, Frank Abimbola Ogundolie, Julinan Bunmi Adetunji, Babatunde Oluwafemi Adetuyi, Shakirat Oloruntoyin Ajenifujah-Solebo and Abdullahi Tunde Aborode 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 History of Nanotechnology 4 1.3 Recent Trend of Nanotechnology 5 1.4 Application of Nanotechnology Across Industry 6 1.5 Role of Nanotechnology in the Environment 8 1.6 Role of Nanotechnology in Remediation of Polluted Soil 11 1.7 Conclusion 13 2 Mitigating Action of Nanobioherbicides from Natural Products on Agricultural Produce 19Ojo, S.K.S., Otugboyega, J.O., Ayo, I.O., Ojo, A.M. and Oluwole, B.R. 2.1 Introduction 20 2.2 Bioherbicides/Bioherbicide Formulations 21 2.3 Bioherbicides Sourced From Plants 23 2.4 Bioherbicides Sourced From Natural By-Products 24 2.5 Overview of the Benefits of Bioherbicides 25 2.6 Bioherbicides, Sources, and Effects on Target Weeds 26 2.7 Description of Nanoherbicides and Nanotechnology 29 2.8 Polymeric Nanoparticles 30 2.9 Application of Nanoparticles as Nanocarriers 33 2.10 Mode of Action of Nanobioherbicides 34 2.11 Nanobioherbicides and Their Mechanisms of Action 34 2.12 Conclusion 38 3 Beneficial and Natural Metabolites Derived From Plants 45Saheed Ibrahim Musa, Josiah Eseoghene Ifie, Francis Aibuedefe Igiebor, Praisel Nnekauso Dike, Mimololuwa Adejumo, Daniel Igbinigun, Bartholomew Usunobun and Beckley Ikhajiagbe 3.1 Introduction 46 3.2 Types of Plant Metabolites 46 3.3 Relevance/Uses of Secondary Metabolites 56 3.4 Conclusion 56 4 Nanobioherbicides and Nutrient Uptakes 63Kehinde Abraham Odelade, Babatunde Oluwafemi Adetuyi, Jacob Oluwadamilare Ibrahim, Victor Kayode Adeoye, Grace Gift Adewale, Oluwakemi Semiloore Omowumi and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji 4.1 Introduction 64 4.2 Bioherbicides 66 4.3 Various Assumptions to Bioherbicides Approaches 67 4.4 Different Opportunities to the Bioherbicide Methodology 72 4.5 Examination of Bioherbicides With a Wide Range of Host 73 4.6 The Improvement of Bioherbicide 73 4.7 Roles of Various Microbial Products With Herbicidal Properties 77 4.8 The Capability of Nanotechnology in the Improvement of Bioherbicides 78 4.9 Roles of Phytotoxic Nanoparticles in Bioherbicides Enhancement 85 4.10 Conclusion 87 5 Nanobioherbicide and Photosynthetic Pigment Synthesis 97Gloria Omorowa Omoregie, Francis Aibuedefe Igiebor, Barka Peter Mshelmbula, Saheed Ibrahim Musa, Precious Osagie, Moteniola Adebiyi, Cynthia Etinosa Igbinosun and Beckley Ikhajiagbe 5.1 Introduction 98 5.2 Herbicides 99 5.3 Categories of Herbicides 99 5.4 Classes of Herbicides 102 5.5 Nanobiotechnology 105 5.6 Photosynthesis 106 5.7 Photosynthetic Pigments 108 5.8 Chloroplasts 110 5.9 Nanoherbicide and Agriculture 112 5.10 Future of Nanotechnology 115 5.11 Nanoparticle–Plant Interaction 117 5.12 Conclusion 119 6 Nanobioherbicides and Plant Growth Hormone Synthesis and Stress-Mediated Hormones 125Franics Aibuedefe Igiebor, Edokpolor Osazee Ohanmu, Gloria Omorowa Omoregie, Ojo Otokiti Jennifer, Musa, S.I., Denzel Ejale, Nathaniel Okojie, Richard Afe, Stanley Ivbobie and Beckley Ikhajiagbe 6.1 Introduction 126 6.2 History of Nanotechnology 126 6.3 Types of Nanoparticles 127 6.4 Application of Nanotechnology 130 6.5 Nanobioherbicides 132 6.6 Agroindustrial Waste-Based Nanoparticles 134 6.7 Bioherbicides 135 6.8 Impact of Nanoherbicides on Plant Growth Hormones 138 6.9 Plant Growth Hormones 140 6.10 Synthesis of Plant Growth Hormones 140 6.11 Types of Plant Growth Hormones 141 6.12 Conclusion 143 7 Relevance of Nanobiofungicides in the Prevention of Abiotic Stress 151Gloria Omorowa Omoregie, Edokpolor Osazee Ohanmu, Francis Aibuedefe Igiebor, Yvonne Dike, Chima James Rufus, Esther Eniola, Saheed Ibrahim Musa, Emmanuel Ochoche Shaibu and Beckley Ikhajiagbe 7.1 Introduction 152 7.2 Environment Stress and Fungal Effects 156 7.3 Fungicides 156 7.4 Biofungicides 162 7.5 Limiting Factors in the Use of Microbial Biofungicides 167 7.6 Challenges in the Use of Biofungicides 167 7.7 Nanoparticles as Applied to Biofungicides 167 7.8 Conclusion 175 8 The Influence of Nanobioherbicides on the Social Economy and Its Bioeconomy Perspectives in Attaining Sustainable Development Goals 179Abere Benjamin Olusola and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji 8.1 Introduction 180 8.2 Literature Review 182 8.3 The Role of Nanobioherbicides in the Creation of Sustainable Development Goals 184 8.4 Conclusion 185 9 Nutritional Qualities of Agricultural Crops After Application of Nanobioherbicides 189John Tsado Mathew, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Abel Inobeme, Musah Monday, Yakubu Azeh, Abdulfatai Aideye Otori and Amos Mamman 9.1 Introduction 190 9.2 Significant Importance of Nanobioherbicides on Nutritional Qualities of Agricultural Crops 192 9.3 Effects of Nanobioherbicides on Nutritional Qualities of Agricultural Crops 194 9.4 Prospect of Nanobioherbicides on Nutritional Qualities of Agricultural Crops 195 9.5 Recent Reports on Nanobioherbicides on Nutritional Qualities of Agricultural Crops 198   9.6 Conclusion 199   10 Application of Plant-Based Nanobiopesticides for Mitigation of Several Abiotic Stress 205Babatunde Oluwafemi Adetuyi and Oluwakemi Semiloore Omowumi 10.1 Introduction 206 10.2 Stress Speculations 208 10.3 Stress Patterns 208 10.4 Natural Stress 210 10.5 Organic Stress 210 10.6 Abiotic Stress 211 10.7 Thermodynamic Pressure 213 10.8 Stress on Heavy Metals 215 10.9 Plant Response to Abiotic Stress 215 10.10 Plant Abiotic Stress Tolerance Mechanisms 217 10.11 Biotechnical Techniques to Reduce Plant Abiotic Stress 223 10.12 Methods in Genetic Engineering to Resist Abiotic Stress 225 10.13 Metabolite Engineering to Increase Resistance to Abiotic Stress 226 10.14 Stress-Responsive Qualities and Record Variables Can Be Hereditarily Adjusted 227 10.15 Devices for Gene Editing to Increase Plant Stress Resistance 229 10.15.1 Zinc Finger Nucleases (ZFNs) 229 10.16 An Approach For Future Applications of Nanomaterials In Combating Plant Stress 231 10.17 Take-Up, Translocation, and Biological Impacts of Plants 233 10.18 Nanobiopesticides 234 10.19 Conclusion 238 11 Nanobioherbicide Applications: Current Trends 253Temitope Fasunloye Ajani, Omotayo Opemipo Oyedara, Bukola Christianah Adebayo-Tayo, Sunday Babatunde Akinde and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji 11.1 Introduction 254 11.2 Nanoparticles for Agrochemicals 256 11.3 Key Features Nanobioherbicides 259 11.4 Approaches for Application of Nanobioherbicides 259 11.5 Mechanisms of Actions of Nanobioherbicides 264 11.6 Factors Affecting the Efficacy of Nanobioherbicides 267 11.7 Toxicity of Nanobioherbicides 268 11.8 Safety Tests for Nanobioherbicides 269 11.9 Nanoinformatic-Enhanced Weed Control 270 11.10 Challenges and Future Perspectives of Nanobioherbicides 274 11.11 Conclusion and Contribution to Knowledge 277 12 Preliminary Testing and Bioassays of Nanobioherbicides 291Temitope Fasunloye Ajani and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji 12.1 Introduction 292 12.2 Pot Assay 293 12.3 Field Trial 295 12.4 Sampling of Raw Agricultural Commodity 295 12.5 Information/Raw Data on Individual Field Trials (Test Substance: Nanobioherbicide) 297 12.6 In-House Screening: Confirming Exposure and Maintaining Test Concentration 297 12.7 Test Media Characterization 298 12.8 Measuring Uptake in Soil Organisms 299 12.9 Nanobioherbicide Soil Sorption Assay 299 12.10 Allium cepa Chromosome Aberration Assay 299 13 Nontarget Effects of Nanobioherbicides 303Temitope Fasunloye Ajani, Sunday Babatunde Akinde and Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji 13.1 Introduction 304 13.2 Effects of Nanobioherbicide Formulations 304 13.3 Nontarget Effects of Nanobioherbicide Formulations 305 13.4 Nanoatrazine: Effectiveness and Side Effects 306 13.5 Toxicity of Nanobioherbicides With Nontarget Organisms in Agroecosystem 310 14 Host Range Tests of Nanobioherbicides 317Temitope Fasunloye Ajani, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji and Bukola Christianah Adebayo-Tayo 14.1 Introduction 317 14.2 Conclusion and Contribution to Knowledge 348 References 348 Index 357

The book provides a detailed examination of the application of nanobioherbicides that come from plants including information on the different metabolites derived from numerous plants that could become bioherbicides. The book gives attention to weed-plant physiology and chronicles the activities of nanobioherbicides on weeds during preliminary bioassays, pot assays, in-house screenings, and during field trials. Furthermore, deep data is provided on the commercial potential of these nanobioherbicides derived from plants, while toxicity assays are also highlighted. Other topics covered include: documented patents on nanobioherbicides; the process involved in the registration of these novel products as nanobioherbicides for both conventional and organic farming; relevant information on the application of molecular techniques for improvement of nanobioherbicides, such as genomics, proteomics, informatics, bioinformatics, and chemoinformatics; details about the non-target effect of the nanobioherbicides. Highlighted, too, is information on the biochemical, enzymatic, and ultrastructural effects of these nanobioherbicides, as well as detailed information on the nutritional qualities of agricultural crops after nanobioherbicidal application. Audience The book is a useful resource for a diverse audience, including industrialists, food industry professionals, agriculturists, agricultural microbiologists, plant pathologists, botanists, microbiologists, biotechnologists, nanotechnologists, microbial biotechnologists, farmers, policymakers, and extension workers.