Preface xxi Part I Future Vision of Green Nanotechnology 1 1 Recent Advances in Green Nanotechnology and the Vision for the Future 3Sukanchan Palit and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain 1.1 Introduction 4 1.2 The Objective of this Study 4 1.3 The Rationale for this Study 5 1.4 What is Meant by Green Nanotechnology? 5 1.5 The Scientific Doctrine and Truth Behind Nanotechnology Applications 6 1.6 Recent Research Pursuit in the Field of Nanotechnology 7 1.7 Scientific Endeavors in the Field of Green Nanotechnology 8 1.8 Challenges and Opportunities in the Field of Green Nanotechnology 13 1.9 Environmental Sustainability, Humankind’s Progress and Vision of Science 14 1.10 Scientific Cognizance, the Greatness of Research Pursuit and Green Nanotechnology 14 1.11 Global Water Crisis – The Vision and Challenge of Science 15 1.12 Heavy Metal and Arsenic Groundwater Contamination – The Vision for the Future 15 1.13 Groundwater Remediation and Water Purification Technologies 16 1.14 Application of Nanotechnology in Industrial Wastewater Treatment 17 1.15 The Vision of Renewable Energy Technologies 18 1.16 Future Research Trends and Flow of Thoughts 19 1.17 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 20 References 20 2 Green Synthesis of Metal-Based Nanoparticles and Their Applications 23Shamaila Sajjad, Sajjad Ahmed Khan Leghari, Najam-Ul-Athar Ryma and Sidra Anis Farooqi 2.1 Introduction 24 2.2 Botanical Extract Mediated Green Synthesis 27 2.3 Microbial Extract-Mediated Green Synthesis 47 2.4 Conclusions 53 Acknowledgment 54 References 54 3 Plant and Tree Gums as Renewable Feedstocks for the Phytosynthesis of Nanoparticles: A Green Chemistry Approach 79Aruna Jyothi Kora 3.1 Introduction 80 3.2 Different Varieties of Plant Gums 90 3.3 Phytosynthesized Nanoparticles and Their Applications 96 3.4 Conclusions and Future Prospects 101 Acknowledgment 102 References 102 4 Green Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles and its Reaction Mechanisms 113Rajasekhar Chokkareddy and Gan G. Redhi 4.1 Introduction 114 4.2 Green Synthesis Using Plant Extracts 117 4.3 Synthesis and Mechanism Action of Metal Nanoparticles 120 4.4 Conclusions 134 References 135 5 Toxicity of Metal/Metal Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Future Prospects 141Subramanyam Deepika, Rajendran Harish Kumar, Chinnadurai Immanuel Selvaraj and Selvaraj Mohana Roopan 5.1 Introduction 142 5.2 Applications of Metal/Metal Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Toxicity 149 5.3 Future Perspectives 158 5.4 Conclusion 159 Conflict of Interest 160 Acknowledgment 160 Abbreviations 160 References 161 Part II Biosynthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles 165 6 Current Advances in Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Their Applications 167Rajasekhar Chokkareddy, Niranjan Thondavada, Bakusele Kabane and Gan G. Redhi 6.1 Introduction 168 6.2 Synthesis of Nanoparticles 169 6.3 Biomedical Applications of Silver Nanoparticles 180 6.4 Conclusions 190 References 191 7 Green and Sustainable Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles Using Orange Peel Pith 199G. López-Téllez, A. R. Vílchis Néstor, E. Gutiérrez-Segura, J. E. Moreno-Marcelino, A. Alcántara-Cobos, J. M. Malvaez-Medina and A. Castrejón Mejía 7.1 Introduction 200 7.2 Biosynthesis of Nanoparticles by Plants 201 7.3 Bioreduction Mechanism 201 7.4 Suitable Characteristics of Nanoparticles for Remediation 202 7.5 Orange Peel Pith as a Support, Reducing and Capping Agent of Metallic Nanoparticles 203 7.6 Conclusions 213 References 214 8 Biological and Biomedical Applications of Eco-Friendly Synthesized Gold Nanoparticles 217G. Madhumitha, J. Fowsiya and Selvaraj Mohana Roopan 8.1 Introduction 217 8.2 Plant Extract as Bioreactors for Green Synthesis of AuNPs 218 8.3 Role of Phytochemicals in AuNPs 225 8.4 Biological and Biomedical Applications of AuNPs 228 8.5 Conclusion and Future Prospective 235 Conflict of Interest 235 Acknowledgment 235 References 235 9 Green Tiny Magnets: An Economic and Eco-Friendly Remedy for Environmental Damage 245Paramita Karfa and Rashmi Madhuri 9.1 Introduction 246 9.2 Classification of Magnetic Materials 247 9.3 Synthesis and Characterization of Magnetic Nanoparticles 253 9.4 Application of Magnetic Nanoparticles for Environmental Remediation 263 10 Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles Using Biopolymers and Plant Extracts 293Ibrahim M. El-Sherbiny and Ehab Salih 10.1 Introduction 294 10.2 Types of Nanomaterials 295 10.3 Synthesis Approaches of Metal Nanoparticles 297 10.4 Green Synthesis of MNPs 300 10.5 Conclusion 310 References 310 11 Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles from Natural Resources and Food Waste and Their Environmental Application 321Hussein I. Abdel-Shafy and Mona S. M. Mansour 11.1 Introduction 322 11.2 Several Methods for Metallic Nanoparticle Synthesis 323 11.3 Biosynthesis of Different Metallic Nanoparticles from Plant Derivatives 324 11.4 Green Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles Using Food and Agro Wastes 349 11.5 Nanotechnology in Environmental Applications 362 11.6 Conclusions 369 Acknowledgment 370 References 370 12 Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles for Biomedical and Environmental Applications 387Varadavenkatesan Thivaharan, Vinayagam Ramesh and Selvaraj Raja 12.1 Introduction 388 12.2 Mechanistic Aspects of Silver Nanoparticle Synthesis 390 12.3 Applications of Phytogenic Silver Nanoparticles 391 12.4 Biomedical Applications 391 12.5 Environmental Applications 412 12.6 Conclusions and Future Directions 418 References 419 13 Green Synthesis of Silver, Copper and Iron Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization and Their Applications in Wastewater Treatment 441Th. Babita Devi and M. Ahmaruzzaman 13.1 Introduction 442 13.2 Plants Mediated Green Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles 444 13.3 Synthesis, Mechanism and Characterization of Synthesized Metals Nanoparticles 444 13.4 Catalytic Activities of Silver, Copper and Iron Nanoparticles for the Reduction and Photodegradation Process (Waste Water Treatment) 450 13.5 Toxicity and Future Prospect 457 13.6 Future of Green Route in Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles 461 13.7 Concluding Summary 462 References 463 Part III Biosynthesis of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles 467 14 Current Scenario in Green Approaches for Metal/Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Synthesis 469Selvaraj Mohana Roopan 14.1 Introduction 469 14.2 Overview of Biological Approach-Microbial Medium 473 14.3 Biological Approach Using Plant Sources as Medium 481 14.4 Applications 497 14.5 Conclusion 503 Conflict of Interest 503 Acknowledgment 503 Abbreviations 504 References 504 15 Advanced Tin-Oxide Nanostructures: Green Synthesis, Prospects and Challenges for Clean Energy and Environmental Sustainability 513Dipyaman Mohanta and M. Ahmaruzzaman 15.1 Introduction 514 15.2 Green Strategies for the Fabrication of Tin-Oxide Nanostructures 515 15.3 Detection of Pollutants and Environmental Remediation 517 15.4 Clean Energy Generation and Efficient Energy Storage 530 15.5 Discussion and Future Prospects 537 15.6 Conclusion 538 References 539 Part IV Biosynthesis of Noble Metal Nanoparticles 553 16 Green Synthesis of Noble Metal Nanoparticles: A Step Forward to Economical and Sustainable Development 555Santanu Patra and Rashmi Madhuri 16.1 Overview of Nanoparticles 556 16.2 Green Synthesis of Noble Metal Nanoparticles 561 16.3 Synthesis of Different Shaped Noble Metal Nanoparticles by Green Synthesis Approach 590 16.4 Conclusion and Future Scope 592 Acknowledgment 593 References 593 17 Green Synthesis of Platinum Nanoparticles and Their Biomedical Applications 603Niranjan Thondavada, Rajasekar Chokkareddy and Gan G. Redhi 17.1 Introduction 603 17.2 Synthesis of Platinum Nanoparticles 605 17.3 Toxicology of PtNPs 609 17.4 Biomedical Applications of PtNPs 610 17.5 Enzymatic Properties of PtNPs and their Applications 613 17.6 Conclusion 616 References 616 18 Eco-Friendly Noble Metal Nanoparticles for Therapeutic Applications: Present and Future Scenario 629Raksha Choudhary and Rashmi Madhuri 18.1 Introduction 630 18.2 Why Noble Metal Nanoparticles are Gaining in Popularity in the Biomedical Field 632 18.3 Biomedical Applications of Noble Metal Nanoparticles 632 18.4 Conclusions and Future Directions 651 Acknowledgment 654 References 654 Part V Synthesis of Biopolymer Nanoparticles and Quantum Dots 667 19 Role of Bioconjugated Quantum Dots in Detection and Reduction of Pathogenic Microbes 669Angappan Rameshkumar, Devanesan Arul Ananth, Sivagurunathan Periyasamy, Deviram Garlapati and Thilagar Sivasudha 19.1 Introduction 670 19.2 About QDs 671 19.3 General Applications of QDs 672 19.4 Mechanism of Action of QDs in Cell Lines 674 19.5 QDs as Antimicrobial Agents 674 19.6 Mechanism of QDs Exhibiting Antimicrobial Activity 675 19.7 Advantage and Disadvantages of QDs as Antimicrobial Agent 683 19.8 Conclusion and Future Prospects 684 References 684 Index 689

This groundbreaking book uniquely focuses on the exploration of the green synthesis of metal nanoparticles and their characterization and applications. Metal nanoparticles are the basic elements of nanotechnology as they are the primary source used in the design of nanostructured devices and materials. Nanomaterials can be manufactured either incidentally, with physical or chemical methods, or naturally; and the high demand for them has led to their large-scale production by various toxic solvents or high energy techniques. However, due to the growing awareness of environmental and safety issues, the use of clean, nontoxic and environment-friendly ways to synthesize metal nanoparticles has emerged out of necessity. The use of biological resources, such as microbes, plant parts, vegetable wastes, agricultural wastes, gums, etc., has grown to become an alternative way of synthesizing metal nanoparticles. This biogenic synthesis is green, environmentally friendly, cost-effective, and nontoxic. The current multi-authored book includes recent information and builds a database of bioreducing agents for various metal nanoparticles using different precursor systems. Green Metal Nanoparticles also highlights different simple, cost-effective, environment-friendly and easily scalable strategies, and includes parameters for controlling the size and shape of the materials developed from the various greener methods. Audience Researchers and engineers in fields of nanochemistry, nanotechnology, materials science, nanobiotechnology, biomedical sciences and environmental engineering.