Preface xxv 1 Biodegradable Materials in Electronics 1S. Vishali, M. Susila and S. Kiruthika 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Biodegradable Materials in Electronics 3 1.2.1 Advantages of Biodegradable Materials 4 1.3 Silk 5 1.4 Polymers 7 1.4.1 Natural Polymers 7 1.4.2 Synthetic Polymers 8 1.5 Cellulose 10 1.6 Paper 11 1.7 Others 13 1.8 Biodegradable Electronic Components 16 1.9 Semiconductors 17 1.10 Substrate 18 1.11 Biodegradable Dielectrics 18 1.12 Insulators and Conductors 19 1.13 Conclusion 19 Declaration About Copyright 20 References 20 2 Biodegradable Thermoelectric Materials 29Niladri Sarkar, Gyanaranjan Sahoo, Anupam Sahoo and Bigyan Ranjan Jali 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 Biopolymer-Based Renewable Composites: An Alternative to Synthetic Materials 32 2.3 Working Principle of Thermoelectric Materials 35 2.4 Biopolymer Composite for Thermoelectric Application 36 2.4.1 Polylactic Acid–Based Thermoelectric Materials 36 2.4.2 Cellulose-Based Biocomposites as Thermoelectric Materials 37 2.4.3 Chitosan-Based Biocomposites as Thermoelectric Materials 39 2.4.4 Agarose-Based Biocomposites as Thermoelectric Materials 41 2.4.5 Starch-Based Biocomposites as Thermoelectric Materials 43 2.4.6 Carrageenan-Based Biocomposites as Thermoelectric Materials 45 2.4.7 Pullulan-Based Composites as Thermoelectric Materials 46 2.4.8 Lignin-Based Biocomposites as Thermoelectric Materials 46 2.5 Heparin-Based Biocomposites as Future Thermoelectric Materials 48 2.6 Conclusions 48 References 49 3 Biodegradable Electronics: A Newly Emerging Environmental Technology 55Malini S., Kalyan Raj and K.S. Anantharaju 3.1 Introduction 56 3.2 Properties of Biodegradable Materials in Electronics 57 3.3 Transformational Applications of Biodegradable Materials in Electronics 58 3.3.1 Cellulose 59 3.3.2 Silk 60 3.3.3 Stretchable Hydrogel 62 3.3.4 Conjugated Polymers and Metals 64 3.3.5 Graphene 65 3.3.6 Composites 67 3.4 Biodegradation Mechanisms 68 3.5 Conclusions 70 Acknowledgements 70 References 71 4 Biodegradable and Bioactive Films or Coatings From Fish Waste Materials 75Juliana Santos Delava, Keiti Lopes Maestre, Carina Contini Triques, Fabiano Bisinella Scheufele, Veronice Slusarski-Santana and Mônica Lady Fiorese 4.1 Introduction 76 4.2 Fishery Chain Industry 78 4.2.1 Evolution of the Fishery Chain Industry 78 4.2.2 Applications of Fish Waste Materials 80 4.3 Films or Coatings Based on Proteins From Fish Waste Materials 85 4.3.1 Films or Coatings for Food Packaging 85 4.3.2 Development of Protein-Based Films or Coatings 89 4.3.2.1 Fish Proteins and Processes for Obtaining Collagen/Gelatin and Myofibrillar Proteins 89 4.3.2.2 Development of Biodegradable and Bioactive Films or Coating 94 4.3.3 Development of Protein-Based Films or Coatings Incorporated With Additives and/or Plasticizers 97 4.3.3.1 Films or Coatings Incorporated With Organic Additives and/or Plasticizers and Their Applications 101 4.3.3.2 Films or Coatings Incorporated With Inorganic Additives and/or Plasticizers 119 4.4 Conclusion 126 References 127 5 Biodegradable Superabsorbent Materials 141Marcia Parente Melo da Costa and Ivana Lourenço de Mello Ferreira 5.1 Introduction 141 5.2 Biohydrogels: Superabsorbent Materials 142 5.3 Polysaccharides: Biopolymers from Renewable Sources 143 5.3.1 Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) 145 5.3.2 Chitosan (CH) 148 5.3.3 Alginate 149 5.3.4 Carrageenans 150 5.4 Applications of Superabsorbent Biohydrogels (SBHs) Based on Polysaccharides 152 5.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 159 Acknowledgments 160 References 160 6 Bioplastics in Personal Protective Equipment 173Tapia-Fuentes Jocelyn, Cruz-Salas Arely Areanely, Alvarez-Zeferino Juan Carlos, Martínez-Salvador Carolina, Pérez-Aragón Beatriz and Vázquez-Morillas Alethia 6.1 Introduction 174 6.2 Conventional Personal Protective Equipment 175 6.2.1 Face Masks 176 6.2.1.1 Surgical Mask 176 6.2.1.2 N95 Face Masks 177 6.2.1.3 KN95 Face Masks 178 6.2.1.4 Cloth Face Masks 179 6.2.1.5 Two-Layered Face Mask (or Hygienic) 180 6.2.2 Gloves 181 6.2.2.1 Latex 181 6.2.2.2 Nitrile 182 6.2.2.3 Vinyl 183 6.2.2.4 Foil (Polyethylene) 184 6.3 Biodegradable and Biobased PPE 185 6.3.1 Face Masks 185 6.3.1.1 Polylactic Acid 185 6.3.1.2 Polybutylene Succinate 187 6.3.1.3 Polyvinyl Alcohol 188 6.3.2 Gloves 190 6.3.2.1 Butadiene Rubber (BR) 190 6.3.2.2 Polyisoprene Rubber 191 6.4 Environmental Impacts Caused by Personal Protective Equipment Made of Bioplastics 192 6.4.1 Source and Raw Materials 192 6.4.2 End of Life Scenarios 193 6.4.3 Remarks on Biodegradability 194 6.5 International Standards Applied to Biodegradable Plastics and Bioplastics 194 6.6 Conclusions 199 References 200 7 Biodegradable Protective Films 211Asra Tariq and Naveed Ahmad 7.1 Introduction 212 7.1.1 Types of Protective Films 213 7.2 Biodegradable Protective Films 214 7.2.1 Processing of Biodegradable Protective Films 221 7.2.2 Limitations Faced by Biodegradable Protective Films 222 References 223 8 No Plastic, No Pollution: Replacement of Plastics in the Equipments of Personal Protection 229Beenish Saba 8.1 Introduction 229 8.2 Bioplastics 230 8.3 Biodegradation of Bioplastics 232 8.4 Production of Bioplastics from Plant Sources 234 8.5 Production of Bioplastics from Microbial Resources 234 8.6 What Are PPEs Made Off? 236 8.6.1 Face Masks 236 8.6.2 Face and Eye Shields 236 8.6.3 Gloves 237 8.7 Biodegradable Materials for PPE 237 8.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 238 References 238 9 Biodegradable Materials in Dentistry 243Sharmila Jasmine and Rajapandiyan Krishnamoorthy 9.1 Introduction 243 9.2 Biodegradable Materials 246 9.2.1 Synthetic Polymers 246 9.2.2 Natural Polymers 246 9.2.3 Biodegradable Ceramics 247 9.2.4 Bioactive Glass 247 9.2.5 Biodegradable Metals 247 9.3 Biodegradable Materials in Suturing 248 9.4 Biodegradable Materials in Imaging and Diagnostics 248 9.5 Biodegradable Materials in Oral Maxillofacial and Craniofacial Surgery 249 9.6 Biodegradable Materials in Resorbable Plate and Screw System 250 9.7 Biodegradable Materials in Alveolar Ridge Preservation 250 9.8 Biodegradable Materials of Nanotopography in Cancer Therapy 251 9.9 Biodegradable Materials in Endodontics 252 9.10 Biodegradable Materials in Orthodontics 253 9.11 Biodegradable Materials in Periodontics 253 9.12 Conclusion 254 References 254 10 Biodegradable and Biocompatible Polymeric Materials for Dentistry Applications 261Pallavi K.C., Arun M. Isloor and Lakshmi Nidhi Rao 10.1 Introduction 262 10.2 Polysaccharides 264 10.2.1 Chitosan 264 10.2.2 Cellulose 275 10.2.3 Starch 277 10.2.4 Alginate 279 10.2.5 Hyaluronic Acid (HA) 281 10.3 Proteins 283 10.3.1 Collagen 283 10.3.2 Fibrin 285 10.3.3 Elastin 286 10.3.4 Gelatins 287 10.3.5 Silk 288 10.4 Biopolyesters 288 10.4.1 Poly (Glycolic Acid) (PGA) 288 10.4.2 Poly (Lactic Acid) PLA 288 10.4.3 Poly (Lactide-co-Glycolide) (PLGA) 289 10.4.4 Polycaprolactone 290 10.4.5 Poly (Propylene Fumarate) 291 10.5 Conclusion 291 References 292 11 Biodegradable Biomaterials in Bone Tissue Engineering 299Mehdi Ebrahimi 11.1 Introduction 299 11.2 Essential Characteristics and Considerations in Bone Scaffold Design 302 11.3 Fabrication Technologies 303 11.4 Incorporation of Bioactive Molecules During Scaffold Fabrication 309 11.5 Biocompatibility and Interface Between Biodegradation and New Tissue Formation 319 11.6 Biodegradation of Calcium Phosphate Biomaterials 320 11.7 Biodegradation of Polymeric Biomaterials 324 11.8 Importance of Bone Remodeling 325 11.9 Conclusion 326 References 327 12 Biodegradable Elastomer 335Preety Ahuja and Sanjeev Kumar Ujjain 12.1 Introduction 335 12.2 Biodegradation Testing 337 12.3 Biodegradable Elastomers: An Overview 338 12.3.1 Preparation Strategies 340 12.3.2 Biodegradation and Erosion 342 12.4 Application of Biodegradable Elastomers 342 12.4.1 Drug Delivery 343 12.4.2 Tissue Engineering 345 12.4.2.1 Neural and Retinal Applications 346 12.4.2.2 Cardiovascular Applications 346 12.4.2.3 Orthopedic Applications 347 12.5 Conclusions and Perspectives 347 References 348 13 Biodegradable Implant Materials 357Levent Oncel and Mehmet Bugdayci 13.1 Introduction 357 13.2 Medical Implants 358 13.3 Biomaterials 358 13.3.1 Biomaterial Types 359 13.3.1.1 Polymer Biomaterials 359 13.3.1.2 Metallic Biomaterials 360 13.3.1.3 Ceramic Biomaterials 363 13.4 Biodegradable Implant Materials 364 13.4.1 Biodegradable Metals 364 13.4.1.1 Magnesium-Based Biodegradable Materials 365 13.4.1.2 Iron-Based Biodegradable Materials 367 13.4.2 Biodegradable Polymers 368 13.4.2.1 Polyesters 369 13.4.2.2 Polycarbonates 370 13.4.2.3 Polyanhydrides 370 13.4.2.4 Poly(ortho esters) 370 13.4.2.5 Poly(propylene fumarate) 371 13.4.2.6 Poly(phosphazenes) 371 13.4.2.7 Polyphosphoesters 372 13.4.2.8 Polyurethanes 372 13.5 Conclusion 372 References 373 14 Current Strategies in Pulp and Periodontal Regeneration Using Biodegradable Biomaterials 377Mehdi Ebrahimi and Waruna L. Dissanayaka 14.1 Introduction 378 14.2 Biodegradable Materials in Dental Pulp Regeneration 379 14.2.1 Collagen-Based Gels 380 14.2.2 Platelet-Rich Plasma 382 14.2.3 Plasma-Rich Fibrin 382 14.2.4 Gelatin 383 14.2.5 Fibrin 384 14.2.6 Alginate 386 14.2.7 Chitosan 386 14.2.8 Amino Acid Polymers 388 14.2.9 Polymers of Lactic Acid 389 14.2.10 Composite Polymer Scaffolds 390 14.3 Biodegradable Biomaterials and Strategies for Tissue Engineering of Periodontium 392 14.4 Coapplication of Auxiliary Agents With Biodegradable Biomaterials for Periodontal Tissue Engineering 396 14.4.1 Stem Cells Applications in Periodontal Regeneration 396 14.4.2 Bioactive Molecules for Periodontal Regeneration 398 14.4.3 Antimicrobial and Anti-Inflammatory Agents for Periodontal Regeneration 400 14.5 Regeneration of Periodontal Tissues Complex Using Biodegradable Biomaterials 401 14.5.1 PDL Regeneration 401 14.5.2 Cementum and Alveolar Bone Regeneration 402 14.5.3 Integrated Regeneration of Periodontal Complex Structures 402 14.6 Recent Advances in Periodontal Regeneration Using Supportive Techniques During Application of Biodegradable Biomaterials 404 14.6.1 Laser Application in Periodontium Regeneration 404 14.6.2 Gene Therapy in Periodontal Regeneration 405 14.7 Conclusion and Future Remarks 408 References 409 15 A Review on Health Care Applications of Biopolymers 429Vijesh A. M. and Arun M. Isloor 15.1 Introduction 430 15.2 Biodegradable Polymers 431 15.3 Metals and Alloys for Biomedical Applications 437 15.4 Ceramics 441 15.5 Biomaterials Used in Medical 3D Printing 445 15.6 Conclusion 446 References 446 16 Biodegradable Materials for Bone Defect Repair 457Sharmila Jasmine and Rajapandiyan Krishnamoorthy 16.1 Introduction 457 16.2 Natural Materials in Bone Tissue Engineering 460 16.2.1 Collagen 460 16.2.2 Chitoson 460 16.2.3 Fibrin 460 16.2.4 Silk 461 16.3 Other Materials 461 16.4 Biodegradable Synthetic Polymers on Bone Tissue Engineering 461 16.4.1 Poly (ε-caprolactone) 462 16.4.2 Polyglycolic Acid 462 16.4.3 Polylactic Acid 462 16.4.4 Poly d,l-Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid 462 16.4.5 Poly (3-Hydroxybutyrate) 463 16.4.6 Poly (para-dioxanone) 463 16.4.7 Hyaluronan-Based Biodegradable Polymer 463 16.5 Biodegradable Ceramics 463 16.6 Conclusion 465 References 465 17 Biosurfactant: A Biodegradable Antimicrobial Substance 471Maria da Gloria C. Silva, Anderson O. de Medeiros and Leonie A. Sarubbo 17.1 Introduction 472 17.2 Biosurfactants 474 17.2.1 Biodegrability of Biosurfactants 476 17.3 Biodegradation Method Tests for Surfactants Molecules 478 17.3.1 OECD Biodegradability Tests 478 17.3.2 ASTM Surfactants’ Biodegradability Test 479 17.4 Antimicrobial Activity of Biosurfactants 479 17.5 Progress in Industrial Production of Sustainable Surfactants 480 17.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 480 References 481 18 Disposable Bioplastics 487Tuba Saleem, Ayesha Mahmood, Muhammad Zubair, Ijaz Rasul, Aansa Naseem and Habibullah Nadeem 18.1 Introduction 488 18.2 Classes of Disposable Bioplastics 489 18.2.1 Structure and Characteristics of Most Common Degradable PHAs 489 18.2.2 Properties of PHAs 489 18.2.2.1 Thermal Properties 489 18.2.2.2 Mechanical Properties 490 18.3 Pros and Cons 491 18.4 Substrates for the Production of Bioplastics 491 18.4.1 Agro-Waste as Substrate for PHA Synthesis 491 18.4.2 Cassava Peels as Substrate for PHAs Synthesis 492 18.4.3 Dairy Processing Waste as Substrate for PHA Synthesis 492 18.4.4 Sugar Industry Waste (molasses) as Substrate for PHA Synthesis 493 18.4.5 Waste Plant Oil as Substrate for PHA Synthesis 494 18.4.6 Coffee Industry Waste Carbon Substrate for PHAs Synthesis 494 18.4.7 Paper Mill Waste as Substrate for PHAs Synthesis 496 18.4.8 Kitchen Waste as Substrate for PHAs Synthesis 496 18.5 Microbial Sources of Bioplastic Production 497 18.6 Upstream Processing 498 18.6.1 Fermentation Strategies for PHA Production 498 18.7 Metabolic Pathways 499 18.7.1 Enzymes Involved in the Synthesis of PHAs 499 18.8 Microbial Cell Factories for PHAs Production 501 18.8.1 Pure Culture for PHA Synthesis 501 18.8.2 Mixed Cultures for PHA Synthesis 502 18.9 Synthesis 502 18.9.1 Blending Methods of PHB and PHBV Lignocellulosic Biocomposites 503 18.9.1.1 Solvent Casting 503 18.9.1.2 Extrusion Method 503 18.10 Factors Affecting PHA Production 504 18.10.1 Effect of pH 504 18.10.2 Composition of Feedstock 505 18.10.3 Inoculum Size and Fermentation Mode 505 18.11 Downstream Processing of Disposable Biopolymers 505 18.12 PHA Extraction and Purification Methods 506 18.13 Applications of Bioplastics/Disposable Bioplastics 506 18.13.1 Denitrification Applications in Wastewater Treatment 508 18.13.2 PHAs in Bone Scaffolds 509 18.14 Characterization of PHA 510 18.15 Biodegradation 510 18.15.1 Biodegradation of PHAs 510 18.16 Plastics Versus Bioplastics 511 18.17 Challenges and Prospects for Production of Bioplastics 512 References 512 19 Plastic Biodegrading Microbes in the Environment and Their Applications 519Pooja Singh and Adeline Su Yien Ting Abbreviations 520 19.1 Introduction 520 19.2 Occurrence and Diversity of Plastic-Degrading Microbes in Natural Environments 522 19.3 Application of Plastic-Degrading Microbes 533 19.3.1 Role of Bacteria in Plastic Degradation 534 19.3.1.1 Actinobacteria 534 19.3.1.2 Bacteroidetes 535 19.3.1.3 Firmicutes 535 19.3.1.4 Proteobacteria 537 19.3.1.5 Cyanobacteria 538 19.3.2 Role of Fungi in Plastic Degradation 539 19.3.2.1 Ascomycota 539 19.3.2.2 Basidiomycota 541 19.3.2.3 Mucoromycota 541 19.4 Factors Influencing Plastic Degradation by Microbes 542 19.4.1 Microbial Factor 542 19.4.2 Polymer Characteristics 543 19.4.3 Environmental Condition 544 19.5 Biotechnological Advances in Microbial-Mediated Plastic Degradation 545 19.5.1 Biosourcing for Plastic Degraders from Various Environments 546 19.5.2 Multiomics Approach 547 19.5.3 Analytical Tools to Optimize Plastic Degradation 548 19.6 Conclusion 550 Acknowledgment 551 References 551 20 Paradigm Shift in Environmental Remediation Toward Sustainable Development: Biodegradable Materials and ICT Applications 565Biswajit Debnath, Saswati Gharami, Suparna Bhattacharyya, Adrija Das and Ankita Das 20.1 Introduction 566 20.2 Methodology 568 20.3 Application of Biodegradable Materials in Environmental Remediation and Sustainable Development 568 20.3.1 Biodegradable Sensors 568 20.3.2 Biosorbents and Biochars 573 20.3.3 Bioplastics 575 20.4 Discussion and Analysis 577 20.4.1 Application of ICT as Future Vision 577 20.4.2 Sustainability Aspects 579 20.5 Conclusion 581 Acknowledgment 581 References 581 21 Biodegradable Composite for Smart Packaging Applications 593S. Bharadwaj, Vivek Dhand and Y. Kalyana Lakshmi 21.1 Introduction to Packing Applications 594 21.1.1 Current Materials 595 21.1.2 Issues and Concerns 597 21.2 Biodegradable Materials 597 21.2.1 What are Biopolymers? 598 21.2.1.1 Starch 599 21.2.1.2 Cellulose 599 21.2.2 Advantages of Biopolymer Composites 599 21.2.3 List of Biopolymer Materials 600 21.3 Preparation of Composite 600 21.3.1 Identify the Materials 600 21.3.2 Fabrication of Biopolymer Composites 605 21.4 Indicators of Performance 607 21.5 Mechanical Properties 610 21.6 Biodegradable Test 612 21.7 Smart Packing Applications 612 21.7.1 Active Biopackaging 613 21.7.2 Informative and Responsive Packaging 614 21.7.3 Ergonomic Packaging 614 21.7.4 Scavenging Films 614 21.7.5 NanoSensors 615 21.7.6 Product Identification and Tempering Proof Product 615 21.7.7 Indicators 616 21.7.8 Nanosensors and Absorbers 616 21.8 Testing of Packaging Using Different Standard 616 21.9 Conclusions 617 References 617 22 Impact of Biodegradable Packaging Materials on Food Quality: A Sustainable Approach 627Mohammad Amir, Naushin Bano, Mohd. Rehan Zaheer, Tahayya Haq and Roohi 22.1 Introduction 628 22.2 Food Packaging 628 22.3 Food Packaging Material 629 22.3.1 Types of Food Packaging Materials 630 22.3.1.1 Paper-Based Packaging 631 22.3.1.2 Glass-Based Packaging 632 22.3.1.3 Metal-Based Packaging 633 22.3.1.4 Plastic-Based Packaging 634 22.4 Biodegradable Food Packaging Materials 635 22.5 Different Biodegradable Materials for Food Packaging 636 22.5.1 Polyhydroxyalkanoates 637 22.5.2 Polyhydroxybutyrates 638 22.5.3 Poly (4-Hydroxybutyrate) (P4HB) 639 22.5.4 Poly-(3-Hydroxybutyrate-Co-3-Hydroxy Valerate) 640 22.5.5 Poly-Hydroxy-Octanoate 640 22.5.6 Starch-Based Material 640 22.5.7 Thermoplastic Starch 641 22.5.8 Starch-Based Nanocomposite Films 642 22.5.9 Cellulose-Based 643 22.5.10 Polylactic Acid (PLA) 644 22.6 Applications of Biodegradable Material in Edible Film Coating 646 22.7 Conclusion 647 Acknowledgment 648 References 648 23 Biodegradable Pots—For Sustainable Environment 653Elsa Cherian, Jobil J. Arackal, Jayasree Joshi T. and Anitha Krishnan V. C. 23.1 Introduction 653 23.2 Biodegradable Pots 655 23.3 Materials for the Fabrication of Biodegradables Pots 656 23.3.1 Biodegradable Planting Pots Based on Bioplastics 656 23.3.2 Biopots Based on Industrial and Agricultural Waste 658 23.4 Synthesis of Biodegradable Pots 661 23.5 Effect of Biopots on Plant Growth and Quality 663 23.6 Quality Testing of Biodegradable Pots 664 23.7 Consumer Preferences of Biodegradable Pots 665 23.8 Future Perspectives 666 23.9 Conclusion 667 References 667 24 Applications of Biodegradable Polymers and Plastics 673Parveen Saini, Gurpreet Kaur, Jandeep Singh and Harminder Singh 24.1 Introduction 674 24.2 Biopolymers/Bioplastics 675 24.3 Applications of Biodegradable Polymers/Plastics 677 24.3.1 Biomedical Applications 677 24.3.1.1 Biodegradable Polymers in the Development of Therapeutic Devices in Tissue Engineering 677 24.3.1.2 Biodegradable Polymers as Implants 678 24.3.1.3 Biobased Polymers as Drug Delivery Systems 679 24.3.2 Other Commercial Applications 679 24.3.2.1 Biodegradable Polymers as Packaging Materials 680 24.3.2.2 Biodegradable Plastics in Electronics, Automotives, and Agriculture 681 24.3.2.3 Biobased Polymer in 3D Printing 681 24.4 Conclusion 682 References 682 25 Biopolymeric Nanofibrous Materials for Environmental Remediation 687Pallavi K.C. and Arun M. Isloor 25.1 Introduction 688 25.2 Fabrication of Nanofibers 689 25.3 Nanofibrous Materials in Environmental Remediation 691 25.3.1 Water Purification 691 25.3.2 Air Filtration 702 25.3.3 Soil-Related Problems 705 25.4 Conclusions 708 References 709 26 Bioplastic Materials from Oils 715Aansa Naseem, Farrukh Azeem, Muhammad Hussnain Siddique, Sabir Hussain, Ijaz Rasul, Tuba Saleem, Arfaa Sajid and Habibullah Nadeem 26.1 Introduction 716 26.2 Natural Oils 720 26.2.1 Bioplastic Production from Natural Oils 720 26.3 Waste Oils 720 26.4 Types of Oily Wastes 721 26.4.1 Cooking Oil Waste 721 26.4.2 Fats from Animals 721 26.4.3 Effluents from Plant Oil Mills 722 26.5 Bioplastic Production from Oily Waste 722 26.6 Improvement in Bioplastic Production from Waste Oil by Genetic Approaches 723 26.7 Impact of Bioplastic Produced from Waste Cooking Oil 726 26.7.1 Health and Medicine 726 26.7.2 Environment 727 26.7.3 Population 727 26.8 Assessment Techniques for Bioplastic Synthesis Using Waste Oil 727 26.8.1 Economic Assessment 727 26.8.2 Environment Assessment 728 26.8.3 Sensitivity Analysis 728 26.8.4 Multiobjective Optimization 728 26.9 Conclusion 728 References 729 27 Protein Recovery Using Biodegradable Polymer 735Panchami H. R., Arun M. Isloor, Ahmad Fauzi Ismail and Rini Susanti 27.1 Introduction 736 27.2 Biodegradability and Biodegradable Polymer 737 27.2.1 Natural Biodegradable Polymers 739 27.2.1.1 Extracted from the Biomass 739 27.2.1.2 Extracted Directly by Natural or Genetically Modified Organism 740 27.2.2 Synthetic Biodegradable Polymers 740 27.3 Recovery of Protein by Coagulation/Flocculation Processes 740 27.3.1 Categories of Composite Coagulants 741 27.3.1.1 Inorganic Polymer Flocculants 741 27.3.1.2 Organic Polymer Flocculants 741 27.3.2 Mechanism of Bioflocculation 742 27.3.3 Some of the Examples for Protein Recovery Using Biodegradable Polymer 743 27.3.3.1 Chitosan as Flocculant 743 27.3.3.2 Lignosulfonate as Flocculant 745 27.3.3.3 Cellulose as Flocculant 747 27.4 Recovery of Proteins by Aqueous Two-Phase System 747 27.5 Types of the Aqueous Two-Phase System and Phase Components 748 27.6 Recovery Process and Factors Influencing the Aqueous Two-Phase System 749 27.7 Partition Coefficient and the Protein Recovery 751 27.8 Some of the Examples of Recovery of Protein by Biodegradable Polymers 751 27.9 Advantages of ATPS 752 27.10 Limitations 752 27.11 Challenges and Future Perspective 752 27.12 Recovery of Proteins by Membrane Technology 753 27.12.1 Classification of Membranes 753 27.12.2 Membrane Fouling by Protein Deposition 754 27.12.3 Recovery of a Protein by a Biodegradable Polymer 755 27.13 Limitations to Biodegradable Polymers 762 27.14 Conclusions and Future Remarks 762 References 763 28 Biodegradable Polymers in Electronic Devices 773Niharika Kulshrestha 28.1 Introduction 774 28.2 Role of Biodegradable Polymers 776 28.3 Various Biodegradable Polymers for Electronic Devices 777 28.3.1 Biodegradable Insulators 777 28.3.2 Biodegradable Semiconductors 779 28.3.3 Biodegradable Conductors 781 28.4 Conclusion 783 References 784 29 Importance and Applications of Biodegradable Materials and Bioplastics From the Renewable Resources 789Syed Riaz Ahmed, Fiaz Rasul, Aqsa Ijaz, Zunaira Anwar, Zarsha Naureen, Anam Riaz and Ijaz Rasul 29.1 Biodegradable Materials 790 29.2 Bioplastics 791 29.3 Biodegradable Polymers 794 29.3.1 Classification of Biodegradable Polymers 794 29.3.1.1 Gelatin 795 29.3.1.2 Chitosan 796 29.3.1.3 Starch 797 29.3.2 Properties of Bioplastics and Biodegradable Materials 797 29.4 Applications of Bioplastics and Biodegradable Materials in Agriculture 799 29.4.1 State-of-the-Art Different Applications of Bioplastics in Agriculture 800 29.4.1.1 Agricultural Nets 803 29.4.1.2 Grow Bags 803 29.4.1.3 Mulch Films 804 29.5 Applications of Microbial-Based Bioplastics in Medicine 805 29.5.1 Polylactones 805 29.5.2 Polyphosphoesters 805 29.5.3 Polycarbonates 806 29.5.4 Polylactic Acid 806 29.5.5 Polyhydroxyalkanoates 806 29.5.6 Biodegradable Stents 806 29.5.7 Memory Enhancer 807 29.6 Applications of Microbial-Based Bioplastics in Industries 808 29.6.1 Aliphatic Polyester and Starch 808 29.6.2 Cellulose Acetate and Starch 808 29.6.3 Cellulose and Its Derivative 808 29.6.4 Arboform 809 29.6.5 Mater-Bi 809 29.6.6 Bioceta 809 29.6.7 Polyhydroxyalkanoate 809 29.6.8 Loctron 810 29.6.9 Cereplast 810 29.7 Application of Bioplastics and Biodegradable Materials in Food Industry 811 29.7.1 Bioplastic and Its Resources 812 29.7.2 Food Packaging 812 29.7.3 Natural Polymers Used in Food Packaging 816 29.7.3.1 Starch-Based Natural Polymers 816 29.7.3.2 Cellulose-Based Natural Polymers 817 29.7.3.3 Chitosan or Chitin-Based Natural Polymers 817 29.7.4 Protein-Based Natural Polymers 818 29.7.4.1 Whey Protein 818 29.7.4.2 Zein 818 29.7.4.3 Soy Protein 818 29.7.5 Bioplastics Derived Chemically From Renewable Resources 819 29.7.5.1 Polylactic Acid (PLA) 819 29.7.5.2 Polyhydroxyalkanoate Composite 819 29.7.5.3 Polybutylene Succinate Composite 820 29.7.5.4 Furandicarboxylic Acid Composite 821 29.8 Application of Bioplastic Biomass for the Environmental Protection 821 29.8.1 Biodegradation of Bioplastics 822 29.8.2 Biodegradability and Environmental Effect of Renewable Materials 823 29.9 Conclusions and Future Prospects 825 References 825 Index 837

Biodegradable materials have ascended in importance in recent years and this book comprehensively discusses all facets and applications in 29 chapters making it a one-stop shop. Biodegradable materials have today become more compulsory because of increased environmental concerns and the growing demand for polymeric and plastic materials. Despite our sincere efforts to recycle used plastic materials, they ultimately tend to enter the oceans, which has led to grave pollution. It is necessary, therefore, to ensure that these wastes do not produce any hazards in the future. This has made an urgency to replace the synthetic material with green material in almost all possible areas of application. Biodegradable Materials and Their Applications covers a wide range of subjects and approaches, starting with an introduction to biodegradable material applications. Chapters focus on the development of various types of biodegradable materials with their applications in electronics, medicine, packaging, thermoelectric generations, protective equipment, films/coatings, 3D printing, disposable bioplastics, agriculture, and other commercial sectors. In biomedical applications, their use in the advancement of therapeutic devices like temporary implants, tissue engineering, and drug delivery vehicles are summarized. Audience Materials scientists, environmental and sustainability engineers, and any other researchers and graduate students associated with biodegradable materials.