Preface xix Acknowledgement xxi Section I: Advanced Materials for Biomedical Applications 1 1 Introduction to Next-Generation Materials for Biomedical Applications 3Arbind Prasad, Sudipto Datta, Ashwani Kumar and Manoj Gupta 1.1 Introduction 4 1.2 Advanced Functional Materials 5 1.3 Market and Requirement of Next-Generation Materials 7 1.4 Metals and Polymeric Biomaterials 8 1.5 Bioabsorbable Biomaterials 8 1.6 Processing of Bioabsorbable Polymeric Biomaterials 9 1.7 Application of Next-Generation Materials in Biomedical Applications 11 1.8 Latest Status of Next Generation Materials in ineering 13 1.9 Bioresorbable Devices for Skin Tissue Engineering 14 1.10 Challenges and Perspectives 15 1.11 Conclusion 16 2 Advanced Materials for Surgical Tools and Biomedical Implants 25Sudipto Datta and Ranjit Barua 2.1 Introduction 26 2.2 Application of Bioengineering to Healthcare 28 2.3 Application in Musculoskeletal and Orthopedic Medicines 30 2.4 Application as a Disposable Medical Device 30 2.5 Application as an Implantable Biosensor 32 2.6 Conclusions 33 3 Insights into Multifunctional Smart Hydrogels in Wound Healing Applications 37Sriparna De, Dipankar Das, Arbind Prasad, Ashwani Kumar and Dipankar Chattopadhyay 3.1 Introduction 38 3.2 Architecture of Fabricated Hydrogels 40 3.3 Bactericidal Effect on Wound Repair 41 3.4 New Frontiers of Hydrogels in Wound Dressing Applications 44 3.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 50 4 Natural Resource-Based Nanobiomaterials: A Sustainable Material for Biomedical Applications 61Monika Singh, Murchana Changmai, Tabli Ghosh and Anugraha Karwa 4.1 Introduction 62 4.2 Natural Resource-Based Biopolymer 65 4.3 Extraction of Nature Resource-Based Nanomaterials 70 4.4 Biomedical Applications of Nature Resource-Based Nanomaterials and Their Nanobiocomposites 75 4.5 Other Applications 88 5 Biodegradable Magnesium Composites for Orthopedic Applications 103Anshu Dubey, Satish Jaiswal, S. Vincent and Vignesh Kumaravel 5.1 Introduction 104 5.2 Materials and Methods 113 5.3 Results and Discussion 118 5.4 Conclusion and Future Outlook 126 6 New Frontiers of Bioinspired Polymer Nanocomposite for Biomedical Applications 135Sonika, Gopikishan Sabavath, Sushil Kumar Verma, Ram Swaroop and Arbind Prasad 6.1 Introduction 136 6.2 Methods to Prepare Graphene-Based Polymer Nanocomposites 138 6.3 Magnetic Material – Polymer Nanocomposites 139 6.4 Nanostructured Composites 146 6.5 Conclusion and Future Trends 147 7 Nanohydroxyapatite-Based Composite Materials and Processing 157Atanu Kumar Paul, Shasanka Sekhar Borkotoky and Arbind Prasad 7.1 Introduction 158 7.2 Biomaterials 159 7.3 Types of Biomaterials 160 7.4 Structure of Hydroxyapatite 161 7.5 Nanohydroxyapatite 165 7.6 Cancer Detection and Cell Imaging 171 7.7 Conclusion 173 8 Self-Healing Materials and Hydrogel for Biomedical Application 185Arabinda Majhi, Megha Dhiman, Partha Roy and Debrupa Lahiri 8.1 Introduction 186 8.2 Self-Healing Hydrogels 187 8.3 Mechanism of Self-Healing in Hydrogels 188 8.4 Application of Self-Healing Hydrogel in Biomedical Application 199 8.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects 206 Section II: Advanced Manufacturing Techniques for Biomedical Applications 211 9 Biomimetic and Bioinspired Composite Processing for Biomedical Applications 213Hemant Kumar, Purnima Justa, Nancy Jaswal, Balaram Pani and Pramod Kumar 9.1 Introduction 214 9.2 Synthesis of Biomimetic and Bioinspired Composite 216 9.3 Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications 218 9.4 Bioinspired Materials 221 9.5 Biomimetic Drug Delivery Systems 224 9.6 Artificial Organs 226 9.7 Neuroprosthetics 229 9.8 Conclusion 232 10 3D Printing in Drug Delivery and Healthcare 241B. Mahesh Krishna, Francis Luther King M., G. Robert Singh and A. Gopichand 10.1 Introduction 242 10.2 3D Printing in Healthcare Technologies 243 10.3 Four Dimensions Printing (4D) 243 10.4 Transformation Process and Materials 244 10.5 3D Printing’s Pharmaceutical Potentials 247 10.6 Drug Administration Routes 250 10.7 Custom Design 3D Printed Pharmaceuticals 253 10.8 Excipient Selection for 3D Printing Custom Designs 254 10.9 Customized Medicating of Drugs 255 10.10 Devices for Personalized Topical Treatment 257 10.11 Conclusion 262 11 3D Printing in Biomedical Applications: Techniques and Emerging Trends 275Gourhari Chakraborty and Atanu Kumar Paul 11.1 Introduction 275 11.2 3D Printing Technologies 277 11.3 Materials for 3D Printing 282 11.4 Biomedical Applications: Recent Trends of 3D-Printing 288 11.5 Challenges and Opportunities 292 11.6 Conclusion 292 12 Self-Sustained Nanobiomaterials: Innovative Materials for Biomedical Applications 303Sudipto Datta, Samir Das and Ranjit Barua 12.1 Introduction 304 12.2 Nanobiomaterials Applications 309 12.3 Challenge in the Clinical Rendition of Nanobiomaterials 316 12.4 Conclusion and Future Directions 318 13 Residual Stress Analysis in Titanium Alloys Used for Biomedical Applications 325Gulshan Kumar, Rohit Kumar and Arshpreet Singh 13.1 Introduction 326 13.2 Methodology 331 13.3 Results and Discussion 335 13.4 Conclusions 341 14 Challenges and Perspective of Manufacturing Techniques in Biomedical Applications 345Francis Luther King M., G. Robert Singh, A. Gopichand and Srinivasan V. 14.1 Introduction 346 14.2 3D Printing Applications in the Biomedical Field 347 14.3 Multi-Functional Materials in 3D Printing 351 14.4 Merits of AM in Medical Field 354 14.5 Major Challenges of AM in Medical Field 355 14.6 Major Challenges of AM 357 14.7 Problems Encountered When Processing 360 14.8 Challenges in Management 365 14.9 Conclusion 369 15 Metal 3D Printing for Emerging Healthcare Applications 383Sudipto Datta, Yusuf Olatunji Waidi and Arbind Prasad 15.1 Introduction 383 15.2 Metallic 3D Printing Methods for Biomedical Applications 384 15.3 Biometals 3D Printing 391 15.4 Future Direction and Challenges 397 16 Additive Manufacturing for the Development of Artificial Organs 411Sudipto Datta, Ranjit Barua and Arbind Prasad 16.1 Introduction 412 16.2 3D Printing of Biomaterials 413 16.3 Main Mechanisms of 3D Printing for Organ and Tissue Printing 414 16.4 Techniques to Fabricate Tissues and Organs Using 3D Printing 416 16.5 Application of 3D Printing in Implants and Drug Delivery 416 16.6 Application 3D Printing in Orthotics and Prosthetics 417 16.7 3D Printing Application in Tissue Engineering 417 16.8 Future Scope 419 16.9 Conclusion 419 References 420 Index 429

The book provides essential knowledge for the synthesis of biomedical products, development, nanomaterial properties, fabrication processes, and design techniques for different applications, as well as process design and optimization. In origin, biomaterials can come from nature or be synthesized in the laboratory with a variety of approaches that use metals, polymers, ceramic, or composite materials. They are often used or adapted for various biomedical applications. Biomaterials are commonly used in scaffolds, orthopedic, wound healing, fracture fixation, surgical sutures, artificial organ developments, pins and screws to stabilize fractures, surgical mesh, breast implants, artificial ligaments and tendons, and drug delivery systems. The sixteen chapters in Advanced Materials and Manufacturing Techniques in Biomedical Applications cover the synthesis, processing, design, manufacturing, and characterization of advanced materials; self-healing, bioinspired, nature-resourced, nanobiomaterials for biomedical applications; and manufacturing techniques such as rapid prototyping, additive manufacturing, etc. Audience The book is for engineers, technologists, and researchers working in the area of biomedical engineering and manufacturing techniques. It is also appropriate for upper-level undergraduate and graduate students.