Preface xv 1 Nanomaterials and the Environment 1Shivani Rastogi, Gaurav Sharma and Balasubramanian Kandasubramanian 1.1 Introduction 1 1.1.1 Overview of Nanomaterials 1 1.1.2 Overview of Environmental Health 4 1.1.2.1 Use of NMs in Environmental Health (Nanoremediation) 4 1.2 Applications of Nanomaterials for Environment 6 1.2.1 Nanomaterials for Detection of Environmental Contaminants 6 1.2.2 Nanomaterials for Air Purification 9 1.2.3 Nanomaterials for Water Treatment 10 1.2.4 Nanomaterials for Energy Storage 11 1.2.5 Nanomaterials for Degradation of Land Waste 12 1.3 Limitations of Environmental Nanomaterials 13 1.3.1 Toxicity of Nanomaterials 13 1.3.2 Toxic Effect on Environmental Health 14 1.3.3 Effect of Toxicity on Human Health 15 1.4 Future Scope of Environmental Nanomaterials 17 1.4.1 In Wastewater and Land Waste Treatment 17 1.4.2 In Biomedicine and Air Purification 17 1.4.3 In Electronics and IT Applications 18 1.5 Conclusion 18 References 19 2 Highly Efficient Graphene-Based Nanocomposites for Environmental Application 25A.E. Burakov, I.V. Burakova, E.V. Galunin, E.S. Mkrtchyan and A.V. Melezhik 2.1 Features of the Organic Pollutants Adsorption 25 2.1.1 Introduction 25 2.1.2 Types of Organic Pollutants 26 2.1.3 Methods for Removing Organic Pollutants 27 2.1.4 Materials to Extract Organic Pollutants 28 2.2 Adsorption Materials – Graphene-Based Nanocomposites 37 2.2.1 Synthesis of the Sorption Materials 37 2.2.2 Physicochemical Properties of the Sorption Materials 38 2.3 Determining the Adsorption Activity 41 2.3.1 Kinetic Studies under Static Conditions 41 2.3.2 Kinetic Studies under Dynamic Conditions 41 2.3.3 Mathematical Processing of Experimental Data 42 2.4 Conclusion 44 Acknowledgment 44 References 44 3 A Concise Account of the Studies Conducted on the Transport, Fate, Transformation and Toxicity of Engineered Nanomaterials 51Sauvik Raha and Md. Ahmaruzzam 3.1 Introduction 52 3.2 Transport of Engineered Nanomaterials 52 3.2.1 Transport in Air 52 3.2.2 Transport in Water 53 3.2.3 Transport in Terrestrial Compartment 54 3.3 Fate and Transformation of Engineered Nanomaterials 55 3.3.1 Fate and Transformation in Air 55 3.3.2 Fate and Transformation in Terrestrial and Aquatic Compartments 56 3.4 Toxicity 57 3.4.1 Toxicity in Aquatic Biomes 57 3.4.2 Toxicity in Terrestrial Biomes 58 3.5 Existing Challenges 58 3.6 Conclusion 59 References 59 4 Nanotechnologies and Advanced Smart Materials: The Case of Architecture and Civil Engineering 67Paolo Di Sia 4.1 Introduction 67 4.2 Management of Complexity 69 4.3 Advanced Materials: Definitions, Characteristics, Properties 71 4.4 Classification Criteria: High Performance and Smart Materials 73 4.5 Innovations in the Nanotechnology Field for Building Materials 76 4.6 Applications of Nanostructured Materials in Architecture 79 4.7 Nanostructured Cementitious Materials: High Performance and Ecoefficiency 81 4.8 Conclusions 84 References 85 5 Life Cycle Environmental Implications of Nanomanufacturing 89Asmaa Nady Mohammed 5.1 Introduction 89 5.2 Manufacturing of Nanomaterials 90 5.3 Nanomaterials and Their Entry into the Environment 91 5.4 How is the Environment Subjected to Nanomaterials? 91 5.5 Implications of Nanomaterials in the Environment 92 5.6 Potential Health Risks and Environmental Impact of Nanomaterials 92 5.7 Impact of Long-Term Exposure to Graphene-Based Materials In Vivo 93 5.8 Antimicrobial Activity of Graphene and Graphene Oxide Particles 93 5.9 Interaction between Two-Dimension (2D) Nanomaterials and the Environment 93 5.10 Positive Effects of Nanomaterials on the Environment 94 5.11 Negative Effects of Nanomaterials on the Environment 94 5.12 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) 94 5.13 Four Phases of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) 95 5.14 Environmental Nanomaterials (ENMs) Life Cycle 97 5.15 Application of LCA to Nanomaterials 97 5.16 Conclusions 98 References 98 6 Addressing Nanotoxicity: Green Nanotechnology for a Sustainable Future 103Dipyaman Mohanta and Md. Ahmaruzzaman 6.1 Introduction 103 6.2 Nanotoxicity: A Multifaceted Challenge 104 6.3 Physicochemical Properties of Nanomaterials Influencing Nanotoxicity 105 6.4 Green Nanotechnology: A Proactive Approach to Minimize Nanotoxicity 106 6.4.1 Biosynthesis of Nanomaterials 107 6.4.2 Surface Coating of Nanomaterials to Minimize Biological Interaction 107 6.4.3 Sulfidation of Metal Nanoparticles 108 6.5 Conclusion 108 Acknowledgment 109 References 109 7 Nanotechnology: Occupational Health Hazards of Nanoparticles and Legalization Challenges 113Mohadeseh Zarei Ghobadi, Elaheh Afsaneh and Hedayatolah Ghourchian 7.1 Introduction 113 7.2 Hazard and Toxicology of Nanoparticles 115 7.2.1 Size 115 7.2.2 Shape 116 7.2.3 Specific Surface Area 116 7.2.4 Aggregation/Agglomeration 116 7.2.5 Crystallinity 116 7.2.6 Chemical Composition 117 7.2.7 Surface Charge and Modification 117 7.3 Nanoparticle Absorption 117 7.3.1 Dermal Absorption 117 7.3.2 Pulmonary Absorption 118 7.3.3 Eye Absorption 119 7.4 Instruments and Methods for Detection of Nanoparticles 119 7.4.1 Direct Methods 120 7.4.1.1 Optical Particle Sizer (OPS) 120 7.4.1.2 Condensation Particle Counter (CPC) 120 7.4.1.3 Fast Mobility Particle Sizer (FMPS) 120 7.4.1.4 Size-Selective Static Sampler 120 7.4.1.5 Diffusion Charger (DC) 120 7.4.1.6 Electrostatic Low Pressure Impactor (ELPI) 121 7.4.1.7 Electron Microscopy 121 7.4.2 Indirect Methods 121 7.5 Hazard Assessment of Nanoparticles 121 7.6 Risk Assessment and Management of Nanoparticles 122 7.7 Hazard Control 124 7.8 Federal Regulatory Compliance 128 7.8.1 OSHA 128 7.8.2 EPA 129 7.8.3 REACH 129 7.8.4 NIOSH 130 7.9 Summary 130 References 130 8 Bringing Awareness to the Darker Side of Nanoparticles 135Paramita Karfa, Kartick Chandra Majhi and Rashmi Madhuri 8.1 What is Nano-Sized Particle or Nanoparticle? 136 8.1.1 Classification and Wide Applications of Nanoparticles 137 8.1.1.1 Classification of Nanoparticles According to Their Origin 138 8.1.1.2 Classification of Nanoparticles According to Dimension 138 8.1.1.3 Classification of Nanoparticles According to Their Composition 139 8.1.1.4 Classification of Nanoparticles According to Their Size/Shape/Morphology 139 8.1.2 Synthesis of Nanoparticles 140 8.1.3 The Other Side of the Coin: Darker Side of Nanoparticles 141 8.1.3.1 Size of the Nanoparticle 143 8.1.3.2 Morphology of the Nanoparticle 143 8.1.3.3 Composition of the Nanoparticle 144 8.1.3.4 Surface Charge of the Nanoparticle 144 8.2 Interaction of Nanoparticle with Living System: Its Effects and Mechanism 144 8.2.1 Generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) or Oxidative Stress 145 8.2.2 Inflammation in the Exposed Body Part 145 8.2.3 Genotoxicity 146 8.2.4 Probable Mechanism for Toxicity of Nanoparticle 147 8.3 Toxicological Study of Different Nanoparticles 148 8.3.1 Effect of Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs) 148 8.3.2 Effect of Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs) 150 8.3.3 Effect of TiO2 Nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) 153 8.3.4 Effect of Carbon-Based Nanoparticles 154 8.4 Future Aspect 157 Acknowledgment 158 References 158 9 Mode of Transfer, Toxicity and Negative Impacts of Engineered Nanoparticles on Environment, Human and Animal Health 165Duraiarasan Surendhiran, Haiying Cui and Lin Lin 9.1 Introduction 165 9.2 Different Engineered Nanoparticles (ENPs) and Their Commercial Uses 166 9.3 Exposure of ENPs to the Environment 167 9.3.1 Exposure of ENPs to Air 172 9.3.2 Exposure of ENPs to Soil 173 9.3.3 Exposure of ENPs to Water 174 9.4 Hazards and Nanotoxicity of ENPs on Soil Communities 175 9.4.1 Microorganisms 175 9.4.2 Earthworms 180 9.4.3 Plants 181 9.5 Health Effects on Humans and Animals 187 9.5.1 Dermal 187 9.5.2 Inhalation 188 9.5.3 Ingestion 190 9.6 Detection of Nanotoxicity and Its Challenges 192 9.7 Conclusion and Future Needs 194 References 194 10 The Impact of Nanomaterials in Aquatic Systems 205Nhamo Chaukura, Tatenda C Madzokere, Nyembezi Mgochekim and Thato M Masilompane 10.1 Introduction 205 10.2 Sources of Nanomaterials 207 10.2.1 Engineered and Non-Engineered Nanomaterials 207 10.2.2 Carbon- and Metal-Based Nanomaterials –Synthesis and Applications 208 10.3 Transport and Environmental Fate of Nanomaterials 209 10.4 The Toxicity of Nanomaterials in Aquatic Systems 210 10.4.1 Toxicity in Plants 211 10.4.2 Toxicity in Animals 212 10.4.3 Methods for the Evaluation of Nanotoxicity 213 10.4.4 Toxicity Mechanisms 215 10.5 Future Research Directions 216 10.6 Conclusion 217 References 217 11 Nanotechnology in the Dairy Industry: Benefits and Risks 223I.T. Smykov 11.1 Introduction 223 11.2 Associated Colloids (Micelles) 227 11.3 Nanoemulsions 227 11.4 Nanoparticles 228 11.5 Biopolymers 229 11.6 Nanofibers 229 11.7 Nanocapsules 230 11.8 Nanotubes 230 11.9 Nanofilter and Nanofiltration 231 11.10 Food Packaging 232 11.10.1 Nanosensors 233 11.10.2 Nano-Coatings 234 11.11 Toxicity and Risks 234 11.12 Part 1: Dairy Production Using Natural Nanoparticles 238 11.12.1 Casein Micelles 238 11.12.2 Milk Fat Globule 240 11.13 Part 2: The Use of Nanoparticles of Abiotic Origin for Dairy Production 250 11.13.1 Hydroxyapatite Nanoparticles 250 11.13.2 Silver Nanoparticles 253 11.13.3 Radiation Technologies in the Food Industry 256 11.14 Part 3: Toxicity and Risks Related to Nanotechnology 258 11.14.1 Block Morphometric Risks 262 11.14.2 Block Physicochemical Risks 263 11.14.3 Block Molecular Biological Risks 264 11.14.4 Block Cytological Risks 264 11.14.5 Block Physiological Risks 264 11.14.6 Block Environmental Risks 265 11.14.7 Block Risk Analysis 266 Acknowledgment 267 References 267 12 A Survey of Nanotechnology for Rocket Propulsion: Promises and Challenges 277Luigi T. DeLuca Glossary 277 12.1 Background 280 12.2 Introduction to Nanoenergetic Materials 281 12.2.1 Historical Excursus and Chemical Energy 281 12.2.2 Ultrafine vs. Nano-Sized Particles 281 12.2.3 Scope of Energetic Applications 282 12.2.4 A Word of Caution 282 12.3 Objectives and Contents 282 12.3.1 Reading Map 284 12.3.2 First Generation vs. Advanced nEM 285 12.4 nMe Production and Active Al Content 285 12.4.1 Active Al Content 286 12.4.2 Comments on Active Al Content 286 12.5 Particle Passivation and Coating 286 12.5.1 Native Al2O3 Thickness 288 12.5.2 Particle Passivation 288 12.5.3 Particle Coating 290 12.5.4 Comments on Particle Passivation and Coating 292 12.6 Chemical and Mechanical Activation 292 12.6.1 Roadmap on Chemical Activation 293 12.6.2 Roadmap on Chemical Self-Activation 293 12.6.3 Roadmap on Mechanical Activation 294 12.6.4 Comments on Chemical and Mechanical Activation 296 12.7 Rheology and Mechanical Properties 296 12.7.1 Roadmap on Rheology and Mechanical Properties 296 12.7.2 Comments on Rheology and Mechanical Properties 300 12.8 CCP Formation, Agglomeration, and Clustering 300 12.8.1 Roadmap on CCP Formation, Agglomeration, and Clustering 301 12.8.2 Comments on CCP Formation, Agglomeration, and Clustering 304 12.9 Augmented Steady Ballistic Properties 304 12.10 Effects of nAl on Unsteady Burning and Ignition 307 12.10.1 Unsteady Propellant Burning 307 12.10.2 Ignition of Energetic Particles and Formulations 308 12.11 Safety of Energetic Particles and Formulations 309 12.11.1 nMe and Metalized Energetic Formulations 309 12.11.2 AP/HTPB-Based Solid Propellants 310 12.11.3 Advanced Compositions 311 12.11.4 ESD Hazards 312 12.11.5 Comments on Safety 314 12.12 Aging of Energetic Particles and Formulations 315 12.12.1 Background on Aging 315 12.12.2 nMe 315 12.12.3 Solid Propellants 318 12.12.4 Comments on Aging 319 12.13 Concluding Remarks 319 Acknowledgments 321 References 321 13 Toxicity and Regulatory Concerns for Nanoformulations in Medicine 333Nimisha Gaur, Navneet Sharma, Aditya Dahiya, Pooja Yadav, Himanshu Ojha, Ramesh K Goyal and Rakesh Kumar Sharma 13.1 Introduction 334 13.2 Definition of Nanomedicine – Crucial for Regulation 334 13.3 Epidemiological Studies on the Health Hazard 336 13.4 Deposition of Particles in the Organism 336 13.5 Occupational Safety in Medical Facilities 338 13.6 Studies on Biological Effects of TiO2 Nanoparticles 340 13.7 Studies on Biological Effects of Fe2O3 Nanoparticles 340 13.8 Studies on Biological Effects of SiO2 Particles 340 13.9 Effect of Nanoparticles at the Cellular and Molecular Level 341 13.10 Toxicity of Dendrimers 342 13.11 Toxicity of Quantum Dots 343 13.12 Environmental Issues 343 13.12.1 Handling Solid Waste 344 13.12.2 Wastewater Treatment 344 13.12.3 Combustion 345 13.13 Regulatory Measures 345 13.13.1 Medicines or Medical Devices 345 13.13.2 Register and Labeling 346 13.13.3 Better Work Safety 346 13.13.4 Nanowaste 347 13.13.5 Future Directions Required for Developing Regulations 347 13.14 Conclusions 349 References 350 14 A Way to Create Sustainable Environment: Green Nanotechnology –With an Emphasis on Noble Metals 359Sirajunnisa Abdul Razack and Surendhiran Duraiarasan 14.1 Introduction 360 14.2 Nanoparticles 360 14.2.1 Properties of Nanoparticles 361 14.2.1.1 Electronic and Optical Properties 362 14.2.1.2 Mechanical Properties 362 14.2.1.3 Thermal Properties 363 14.2.2 Characterization of Nanoparticles 364 14.3 Fabrication 366 14.3.1 Chemical Synthesis 367 14.3.2 Biological Synthesis 370 14.3.2.1 Silver 371 14.3.2.2 Gold 379 14.3.2.3 Platinum 391 14.3.2.4 Platinum Group Metals 394 14.4 Applications of Noble NPs 396 14.4.1 Gold Nanoparticles 396 14.4.2 Silver Nanoparticles 402 14.4.3 Platinum and Platinum Group Metals 404 14.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 405 References 406 15 Modern Development with Green Polymer Nanocomposites: An Overview 427Pratibha Singh, Chandra Shekhar Kushwaha and S.K. Shukla 15.1 Introduction 427 15.2 Classification 428 15.2.1 Natural Polymer 429 15.2.1.1 Cellulose 429 15.2.1.2 Chitin 430 15.2.1.3 Chitosan 431 15.2.2 Synthetic Green Polymer 431 15.2.2.1 PLA 431 15.2.2.2 PVA 432 15.3 Methods of Preparation 432 15.4 Properties 433 15.4.1 Biological Properties 433 15.4.1.1 Biocompatibility 433 15.4.1.2 Biodegradation 434 15.4.1.3 Antimicrobial 434 15.4.2 Physical Properties 435 15.4.2.1 Mechanical Properties 435 15.4.2.2 Magnetic Properties 435 15.5 Applications of Green Polymer Nanocomposite 437 15.5.1 Food Packaging 437 15.5.2 Biomedical 438 15.5.2.1 Biosensor 438 15.5.2.2 Tissue Engineering 441 15.5.2.3 Drug Delivery 443 15.5.2.4 Bone and Cartilage Tissue Regeneration 444 15.5.3 Water Treatment 445 15.5.4 Crop Protection 445 15.5.5 Electronic Devices 447 15.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects 448 Acknowledgments 448 References 448 Index 459

This ground-breaking handbook uniquely addresses challenges of nanotechnology with respect to safety, risk and ethical, society and legal implications (ELSI) along with the commercialization aspects. This Handbook focuses on the recent advancements in Safety, Risk, Ethical Society and Legal Implications (ESLI) as well as its commercialization of nanotechnology, such as manufacturing. Nano is moving out of its relaxation phase of scientific route, and as new products go to market, organizations all over the world, as well as the general public, are discussing the environmental and health issues associated with nanotechnology. Nongovernmental science organizations have long since reacted; however, now the social sciences have begun to study the cultural portent of nanotechnology. Societal concerns and their newly constructed concepts, show nanoscience interconnected with the economy, ecology, health, and governance. This handbook addresses these new challenges and is divided into 7 sections: Nanomaterials and the Environment;Life Cycle Environmental Implications of Nanomanufacturing;Bioavailability and Toxicity of Manufactured Nanoparticles in Terrestrial Environments;Occupational Health Hazards of Nanoparticles;Ethical Issues in Nanotechnology;Commercialization of Nanotechnology;Legalization of Nanotechnology. Audience This handbook will be of significant interest to scientists and researchers working on nanoscience and nanotechnology, materials scientists, chemists, pharmacists, biologists and chemical engineers. In addition, it will provide essential information to consultants and regulators about nanotechnology applications and processes helpful in their evaluation and decision-making procedures. University graduate and post-graduate students taking advance level of nanoscience and technology courses will find this handbook easy to use and understandable.