Editors' Biography xvi List of Contributors xix Preface xxiv Acknowledgments xxv Introduction xxvi 1 Metaverse: An IntroductionLik-Hang Lee, Dimitris Chatzopoulos, Pengyuan Zhou, and Tristan Braud 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 The Metaverse: Fantasy, Text, 3DWorlds 3 1.3 The Rise of Edge Computing 4 1.4 Universality, Interoperability, and Openness 6 1.5 Steps Toward Mobile User InteractionWithin the Metaverse 9 1.6 Bringing Users' Profiles and Assets on the Metaverse 10 1.7 Conclusions and Future Research Directions 12 2 Potential Applications and Benefits of Metaverse 17Mshari Aljumaie, Hieu Chi Nguyen, Nam H. Chu, Cong T. Nguyen, Diep N. Nguyen, Dinh Thai Hoang, and Eryk Dutkiewicz 2.1 Metaverse Applications for Entertainment 17 2.2 Virtual Office in Metaverse 22 2.3 Education 27 2.4 Metaverse for Healthcare Services 31 2.5 Metaverse for Autonomous Vehicles 32 2.6 Metaverse for Virtual Travelling 33 2.7 Conclusions and Future Research Directions 34 3 Metaverse Prototype: A Case Study 39Haihan Duan and Wei Cai 3.1 Overview 39 3.2 Newbie at CUHKSZ 42 3.3 CUHKSZ Metaverse 47 3.4 Conclusions and Future Research Directions 59 4 Wireless Technologies for the Metaverse 63Hongliang Zhang, Shiwen Mao, and Zhu Han 4.1 Introduction 63 4.2 XR over NR: Standardization in 3GPP 64 4.3 Case Study: Location-Dependent AR Services in theWireless Edge-Enabled Metaverse 67 4.4 Conclusions and Future Research Directions 81 5 AI and Computer Vision Technologies for Metaverse 85Thien-Huynh The, Quoc-Viet Pham, Xuan-Qui Pham, Tan Do-Duy, and Thippa Reddy Gadekallu 5.1 Introduction 85 5.2 AI for the Metaverse 87 5.3 Computer Vision for the Metaverse 101 5.4 Conclusions and Future Research Directions 115 6 Virtual/Augmented/Mixed Reality Technologies for Enabling Metaverse 125Howe Yuan Zhu and Chin-Teng Lin 6.1 Introduction 125 6.2 Virtual Reality 129 6.3 Augmented Reality 135 6.4 Mixed Reality 139 6.5 Conclusions and Future Research Directions 143 7 Blockchain for the Metaverse: State-of-the-Art and Applications 157Pawan Kumar Hegde, Rajeswari Chengoden, Nancy Victor, Thien Huynh The, Sweta Bhattacharya, Praveen Kumar Reddy Maddikunta, Thippa Reddy Gadekallu, and Quoc-Viet Pham 7.1 Introduction 157 7.2 Background 161 7.3 Use Cases of Blockchain for the Metaverse 167 7.4 Projects 174 7.5 Conclusions and Future Research Directions 176 8 Edge Computing Technologies for Metaverse 183Minrui Xu and Dusit Niyato 8.1 An Overview of Edge-enabled Metaverse 184 8.2 Opportunities and Challenges in the Edge-enabled Metaverse 191 8.3 Edge-Enabled Metaverse: Release the Ubiquitous Computing and Intelligence at the Edge 194 8.4 Conclusions and Future Research Directions 199 9 Security Issues in Metaverse 205Yuntao Wang, Zhou Su, Ning Zhang, Dongxiao Liu, Rui Xing, Tom H. Luan, and Xuemin Shen 9.1 Overview of Security and Privacy Threats in Metaverse 205 9.2 Threats and Countermeasures to Authentication and Access Control in Metaverse 207 9.3 Threats and Countermeasures to Data Management inMetaverse 212 9.4 Privacy Threats and Countermeasures in Metaverse 216 9.5 Network-Related Threats and Countermeasures in Metaverse 222 9.6 Economy-Related Threats and Countermeasures in Metaverse 225 9.7 Threats to PhysicalWorld and Human Society and Countermeasures in Metaverse 228 9.8 Governance-Related Threats and Countermeasures in Metaverse 230 9.9 Conclusions and Future Research Directions 232 10 IoT-Assisted Metaverse Services 241Yue Han, Cyril Leung, and Dong In Kim 10.1 Why Need IoT for Metaverse Services 241 10.2 How to Use IoT for Metaverse DTs 246 10.3 A Dynamical Hierarchical Game-Theoretical Approach for IoT-Assisted Metaverse Synchronization 249 10.4 Conclusions and Future Research Directions 260 11 Quantum Technologies for the Metaverse: Opportunities and Challenges 267Mahdi Chehimi and Walid Saad 11.1 Introduction 267 11.2 Preliminaries 270 11.3 Quantum Computing for a Faster Metaverse 274 11.4 Quantum Machine Learning for Contextual Metaverse 277 11.5 Quantum Communications for Secure Metaverse 281 11.6 Conclusions and Future Research Directions 285 12 The Metaverse with Life and Everything: An Overview of Privacy, Ethics, and Governance 293Lik-Hang Lee, Carlos Bermejo, and Pan Hui 12.1 Introduction 293 12.2 Privacy and Security 295 12.3 Governance 299 12.4 Creation, Social Good, and Ethical Design 302 12.5 Conclusions and Future Research Directions 308 Bibliography 308 Index 311

Understand the future of the Internet with this wide-ranging analysis “Metaverse” is the term for applications that allow users to assume digital avatars to interact with other humans and software functions in a three-dimensional virtual space. These applications and the spaces they create constitute an exciting and challenging new frontier in digital communication. Surmounting the technological and conceptual barriers to creating the Metaverse will require researchers and engineers familiar with its underlying theories and a wide range of technologies and techniques. Metaverse Communication and Computing Networks provides a comprehensive treatment of Metaverse theory and the technologies that can be brought to bear on this new pursuit. It begins by describing the Metaverse’s underlying architecture and infrastructure, physical and digital, before addressing how existing technologies are being adapted to its use. It concludes with an overview of the challenges facing the Metaverse. The result is a thorough introduction to a subject that may define the future of the internet. Metaverse Communication and Computing Networks readers will also find: Detailed treatment of technologies, including artificial intelligence, Virtual Reality, Extended Reality, and moreAnalysis of issues including data security, ethics, privacy, and social impactA real-world prototype for Metaverse applications Metaverse Communication and Computing Networks is a must-own for researchers and engineers looking to understand this growing area of technology, and entrepreneurs interested in establishing Metaverse businesses.