List of Contributors ix Foreword xi J. Perry Gustafson and Peter H. Raven Section 1 Perspectives of Gene Flow 1 Chapter 1 Potential Environmental Impacts of Transgene Flow in Rice with a Particular View on Herbicide Resistance 3 Bao-Rong Lu and Wei Wang Introduction 3 Transgene Escape and Its Potential Environmental Impacts 4 Herbicide-Resistant Rice 8 Gene Flow from Herbicide-Resistant Rice and Its Potential Impacts 12 Managing Potential Environmental Impacts from Transgene Flow 17 Conclusion 19 Acknowledgments 20 References 20 Chapter 2 Assessment and Detection of Gene Flow 27 Wei Wei, Charles Kwit, Reginald J. Millwood, Hong S. Moon, and C. Neal Stewart Jr. Importance of Assessment and Detection of Gene Flow 27 Detection Methodologies 29 Applications in Assessment of Gene Flow 35 Perspectives 36 Acknowledgments 37 References 37 Chapter 3 Bt Resistance Monitoring in European Corn Borers and Western Corn Rootworms 43 Blair D. Siegfried and Terence Spencer Introduction 43 Resistance Monitoring 44 Bioassay Methods and Baseline Susceptibility 47 Recent Developments 49 Conclusions 51 Acknowledgments 52 References 52 Chapter 4 Commercialization of GMOs: the Company Perspective on Risks and Containment 57 Kater Hake Commercialization of Traits Derived from Plant Biotechnology (GMOs and Alien Chromosome Introgression) 57 Gene Containment During the Commercial Utilization of Crops Derived from Biotechnology 60 Gene Containment During Research, Development, and Seed Production 62 Stewardship and Gene Containment 63 References 65 Section 2 Strategies for Gene Containment 67 Chapter 5 Trait Control (Gene Switch Technology) 69 M. Isabel Ordiz, Jaemo Yang, and Roger N. Beachy Components of Gene Switch Systems 69 Application of Gene Switch Technologies 75 Future Perspectives 79 References 80 Chapter 6 Male Sterility and Hybrid Plant Systems for Gene Confinement 85 Albert P. Kausch, Joel Hague, Adam Deresienski, Michael Tilelli, and Kimberly Nelson Introduction 85 Cytoplasmic Male Sterility 86 Transgenic Nuclear Male Sterility 87 Transgenic Nuclear Male Sterility for Gene Confinement 89 Male Sterility for Recovery of Wide Crosses with Gene Confinement 90 Hybrid Plant Systems 92 Seed-Based Hybrid Plant Systems 92 Gene-Deletor System 92 Male and Female Sterile Lines 94 Total Sterility 95 Stable Knockout Mutations 96 References 96 Chapter 7 Gene-Deletor Technology and Its Potential Applications in Addressing Gene Flow and Food Safety Concerns over Transgenic Plants 101 Yi Li, Hui Duan, Yongqin Chen, and Richard McAvoy Introduction 101 The Principle of Gene-Deletor Technology and Supporting Experimental Data 102 Characteristics and Requirements of Gene-Deletor Technology 105 Potential Applications of Gene-Deletor Technology 107 Conclusions and Perspectives 109 Acknowledgments 110 References 110 Chapter 8 Seed-Based Gene Containment Strategies 113 Melvin J. Oliver and Kater Hake Seedless Crops 114 Seed-Based Containment 115 GeneSafe (Technology Protection System (TPS)) Technology 117 Expression Cascades for Gene Containment 120 References 123 Chapter 9 Transgenic Mitigation of Transgene Dispersal by Pollen and Seed 125 Jonathan Gressel and Hani Al-Ahmad Introduction—Containers Leak 125 Mitigation—The Concept of Conferring a Selective Disadvantage Outside of Cultivation 128 Evidence That TM Mitigates Transgene Establishment 133 Tailoring Mitigator Genes to Crops and Cropping Situation 137 Concluding Remarks 142 References 142 Chapter 10 Tapping RNA Silencing for Transgene Containment through the Engineering of Sterility in Plants 147 Zongrang Liu and Stacy D. Singer Introduction 147 References 166 Chapter 11 Control of Cleistogamy and Seed Dormancy for Biological Gene Containment in Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.) 175 Sabine Gruber and Alexandra H¨usken Introduction 175 Pathways of Gene Flow in Oilseed Rape 176 Managing Gene Flow in Oilseed Rape 184 Combining Biological Measures Package for Gene Containment 191 Conclusion 192 Acknowledgments 192 References 192 Index 199 A color plate section appears between pages 114 and 115

Biotechnology has the potential to revolutionize the crop and plant sciences with the ability to increase food production and enhance plant responses to environmental stressors. As these technologies become more widespread there has been an increased focus on containing modified plants to specific areas. Plant Gene Containment brings together key concepts in gene flow and provides information on strategies being developed to curb the unwanted spread of modified traits. Plant Gene Containment provides broad-ranging coverage of the topic, ranging from basic research findings to industrial application. The chapters are divided into two sections. The first section reviews concepts in gene containment, including environmental and commercial perspectives. The second section reviews specific strategies currently used and in development, such as gene switch technology, plant sterility, gene-deletor technology, and seed-based technologies among others.  Bringing together the valuable perspectives of a global and diverse group of experts, Plant Gene Containment will be an invaluable resource for crop and plant scientists, biotechnologists, and industry personnel.