Tribology is the science and technology of interactingsurfaces in relative motion and encompasses the study offriction, wear and lubrication. By extension biotribology isusually defined as the tribological phenomena occurring in eitherthe human body or in animals.

Chapter 1. Biotribology of Total Hip Replacement: the Metal-on-Metal Articulation 1 J. Philippe KRETZER 1.1. Introduction 1 1.2. Historical development of metal-on-metal bearings in total hip replacements 3 1.3. Design and materials 4 1.3.1. Implant geometry 4 1.3.2. Manufacturing methods and metallurgy 5 1.4. Tribology of metal-on-metal bearings in total hip replacement 10 1.4.1. Wear and types of friction 10 1.4.2. EHL theory of lubrication 12 1.4.3. Friction in physiological joints 17 1.4.4. Friction in artificial joints 17 1.5. Wear testing 18 1.5.1. Simulation in hip simulators 18 1.5.2. Wear determination 21 1.5.3. Wear properties 23 1.5.4. Results of wear tests 24 1.5.5. Summary of results from simulator studies 30 1.5.6. Wear mode 31 1.6. Clinical relevance of metal wear particles and metal ions 33 1.7. Conclusion 35 1.8. Acknowledgments 36 1.9. Bibliography 36 Chapter 2. Experimental Wear Studies of Total Joint Replacements 51 Claire BROCKETT and John FISHER 2.1. Introduction 51 2.2. Methods for assessing tribology in total joint replacement 52 2.2.1. Lubrication 53 2.2.2. Friction 54 2.2.3. Wear 57 2.3. Effects of material and design on the tribology of total joint replacements 62 2.3.1. Total hip and resurfacing replacements 62 2.3.2. Total knee replacement 73 2.4. Conclusion 78 2.5. Bibliography 79 Chapter 3. Influence of Temperature on Creep and Deformation in UHMWPE under Tribological Loading in Artificial Joints 87 Mathias Christian GALETZ and Uwe GLATZEL 3.1. Temperature in artificial joints 87 3.1.1. Artificial knee joints 87 3.1.2. Why does temperature affect the performance of artificial joints? 89 3.1.3. Mathematical approaches to estimate the contact temperature during friction   91 3.1.4. Temperature rise during cyclic tribological sliding 95 3.2. Temperature influence on creep and fatigue mechanisms of UHMWPE under tribological loading 102 3.2.1. Temperature dependence of the yield strength of UHMWPE 102 3.2.2. Temperature dependence of the creep strength of UHMWPE 107 3.2.3. Temperature-dependent deformation under tribological loads 109 3.2.4. Wear and deformation mechanisms of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene 113 3.3. Deformation behavior of polyethylene on the molecular scale 115 3.3.1. Deformation mechanisms in polyethylene 115 3.3.2. Tribologically-induced molecular changes 119 3.4. Importance for artificial knee joints 127 3.5. Acknowledgments 131 3.6. Bibliography 132 Chapter 4. Large Capacity Wear Testing 143 Vesa SAIKKO 4.1. Introduction 143 4.2. Categories of test devices 144 4.3. CTPOD principle 144 4.4. SuperCTPOD test procedure 147 4.5. SuperCTPOD validation 149 4.6. Further SuperCTPOD studies 150 4.7. Summary 151 4.8. Concluding remarks 153 4.9. Acknowledgments 153 4.10. Bibliography 154 Chapter 5. Biotribology of Titanium Alloys 157 Yong LUO 5.1. Introduction 157 5.1.1. History of titanium alloys 157 5.1.2. The properties of titanium alloys 158 5.1.3. The application of titanium alloys 159 5.2. Surface modification of titanium alloys 161 5.2.1. Ion implantation 161 5.2.2. Carburization 166 5.3. Biotribological properties of titanium alloys 175 5.3.1. Fretting wear 175 5.3.2. Sliding wear 184 5.3.3. Artificial joint simulation 190 5.4. Acknowledgments 195 5.5. Bibliography 195 List of Authors 199 Index 201