Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972 reflects America's aspirational belief that girls and boys, women and men, both deserve equal educational opportunities in athletics. This book shows how this ideal has been both implemented and thwarted over the years via actions in the legislature, executive and judicial branches of government.

Equal Play:Title IX and Social ChangeEdited by:Nancy Hogshead-Makar and Andrew ZimbalistTABLE OF CONTENTSIntroductionNancy Hogshead-Makar and Andrew ZimbalistPart IIntroduction: Women's Sports Before Title IXNancy Hogshead-Makar and Andrew ZimbalistComing on Strong, Gender and Sexuality in Twentieth Century SportsSusan CahnHeroines As Well As Heroes Welch Suggs Didrikson was a Woman Ahead of Her TimeLarry SchwartzSport is Unfair to WomenBil Gilbert and Nancy WilliamsonPart IIIntroduction: Staking a Claim: The First DecadeNancy Hogshead-Makar and Andrew ZimbalistSpeech of Senator Birch BayhNew York Women's Political Caucus New York, November 23, 1975Amendment to Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972Statement of Hon. Birch Bayh, a U.S. Senator from the State of Indiana on the Tower AmendmentJavits Amendmentpassed May 20, 1974Provision Relating to Sex Discrimination1975 Title IX RegulationsA Policy Interpretation: Title IX and Intercollegiate AthleticsUnited States District Court, D. Kansas.NATIONAL COLLEGIATE ATHLETIC ASSOCIATION, Plaintiff, v. Joseph CALIFANO, Secretary of the United States Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Defendant, et al.; Decided Jan. 9, 1978Supreme Court of the United StatesGeraldine G. CANNON, Petitioner, v. UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO et al.; Decided May 14, 1979Part IIIIntroduction: The Initial Backlash: the 1980sNancy Hogshead-Makar and Andrew ZimbalistSupreme Court of the United StatesGROVE CITY COLLEGE, Individually and on Behalf of its Students, et al., Petitioners v. Terrel H. BELL, Secretary of Education, et al.; Decided Feb. 28, 1984.Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987Reducing the Commercialization of Intercollegiate AthleticsGary R. RobertsPart IVIntroduction: Accelerated Pace: the 1990sNancy Hogshead-Makar and Andrew ZimbalistTesting Title IX: Amy Cohen and Brown UniversityAndrew ZimbalistUnited States Court of Appeals, First Circuit.Amy COHEN, et al., Plaintiffs-Appellees, v. BROWN UNIVERSITY, et al., Defendants-Appellants; Decided Nov. 21, 1996.1996 Clarification of Intercollegiate Athletics Policy Guidance: The Three-Part TestBowling Green LetterLinda Carpenter and Vivian Acosta, “Women in Intercollegiate Sport: A Longitudinal, National Study, 1977-2006”Stronger Women Mariah Burton NelsonPart VIntroduction: The Second Backlash: 2000-2006Nancy Hogshead-Makar and Andrew ZimbalistUnited States Court of Appeals, District of Columbia Circuit.NATIONAL WRESTLING COACHES ASSOCIATION, et al., Appellants, v. DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION, Appellee.; Decided May 14, 2004.Tilting THE Playing Field: Schools, Sports, Sex and Title IXJessica GavoraA Critique of Tilting the Playing Field: Schools, Sports, Sex and Title IX Nancy Hogshead-Makar“What To Do About Title IX” Testimony Before Secretary Paige's Commission on Title IXAndrew ZimbalistOpen to All: Title IX at ThirtyMinority Views on the Report of the Commission on Opportunity in AthleticsDonna de Varona and Julie FoudyLimitations of the Department of Education's Online Survey Method for Measuring Athletic Interest and Ability on U.S.A. CampusesDon Sabo and Christine GrantBush Administration Uses Stealth Tactics to Subvert Title IXAndrew ZimbalistFootball Is a Sucker's Game Michael SokoloveTitle IX by the NumbersAndrew Zimbalist