Contents Preface xxxi Ableism 1 Kaja Poteko Academic history of sport management 2 Alan S. Kornspan Accreditation 5 Heather Alderman Action Research 9 Robbie Matz Activation 10 Jonathan J. Benedek Active aging 12 Richard Keith Wright Activism 14 Elizabeth A. Gregg Adaptive sport 15 Joshua R. Pate Advertising 17 Minkyo Lee Aesthetics 19 Jhih-yin Diane Lee and Wen-hao Winston Chou Against modern football 21 Marko Mustapić Ageism 22 Melissa James Agency 22 Charles Mountifield and Stirling Sharpe Agenda setting 24 Evan Frederick Agents 26 Charles Mountifield and Stirling Sharpe Aging and sport 28 Amy Chan Hyung Kim AI bots 29 Katja Sonkeng and Ismail Asiimwe Alternative sports 31 Sehwan Kim and Jepkorir Rose Chepyator-Thomson Amateur sport 32 Ary Jose Rocco Junior Amateur sport athlete development 33 Thordis Gisladottir and Patrick A. Reid Ambush marketing 35 John Grady Americans with Disabilities Act 37 Joshua R. Pate Analytics 38 N. David Pifer Anti-doping policies 41 Jonathan Ruwuya and Jules Woolf Antitrust 43 Mark S. Nagel Apologia 45 Kevin A. Stein and Matthew H. Barton Applied research 47 Frauke Hachtmann Arbitration 48 Michael Fraina Artificial intelligence 50 Alex Sévigny and Mark Dottori Artistic entertainment 52 Hannah Huiyuan Bo and James J. Zhang Associations 54 Alan S. Kornspan Athleisure 56 Kristi Sweeney and Jason W. Lee Athlete branding 57 Antonio S. Williams and Zack P. Pedersen Athlete development 59 Sarah Stokowski and Lisa M. Rubin Athlete marketing 60 Muammer .ztürk Athlete representation 61 Jörg Krieger Athletic conferences 63 David Zinn Athletic director 65 Eric Forsyth Athletic leadership academies 66 Duane Aagaard Atmospherics 68 Jason W. Lee Attendance 70 Payam Ansari and Dominik Schreyer Audience 72 Tang Tang Autographs 74 Ray G. Schneider Automated sports journalism 75 Jessica Kunert and Sam Duncan Barriers 78 Thordis Gisladottir and Patrick A. Reid Baseball management 79 Hayden Coombs and Reese McCulley Basic research 81 Frauke Hachtmann Basketball management 82 Chris Croft Behavior 84 Matthew Charles Higgins Behavioral finance 87 Arif Yüce Benchmarking 88 James Moore Betting 89 Arif Yüce Bettor 92 Arif Yüce Bias 93 Tomika Ferguson Big Data 95 Sinhae Roh BIRFing 96 Sean Pradhan BIRGing 97 Hayden Coombs and Sean Pradhan Blogging 99 Dustin Hahn Body 101 Luca Bifulco Boosters 102 Sandra Shawver Bowl system 103 Annemarie Farrell and Rachel Madsen Brand community 105 Henry Wear Brand identity 107 Jason W. Lee Brand marks 108 Zack P. Pedersen and Antonio S. Williams Brand purpose 110 Timothy Robeers Branded entertainment 111 Rebecca M. Achen Branding 112 Jason W. Lee Broadcasting 116 Valerie Bonnet Business analytics 118 Andrea Wilk Business plan 119 Robert Case Business-to-business 120 Ashlee Morgan Business-to-consumer 122 Marisa Sousa and Maria José Carvalho Campus recreation 124 Cara Lucia Cannabis and sport 125 Tywan G. Martin and Mike James Carbon footprint 127 Jamee A. Pelcher Cartel 129 Hayden Coombs Case study 131 Gashaw Abeza Cause-related marketing 134 Keevan Statz Celebrity 135 Timothy Robeers Centrality 137 Jeremy J. Foreman and Baykal M. L. Altiner Centralization 138 Valerio della Sala Charity sporting events 140 Woo-Young Lee and Kyungun (Ryan) Kim Circular economy 141 Isabelle Dachs and Tim Breitbarth Civic engagement 143 Alex Gang and Eunah Jo Climate action 145 Tim Breitbarth and Hanno Martens Climate change 147 Arif Yüce Cloud computing 148 Philip F. Estes Club system 150 Katja Sonkeng and Ismail Asiimwe Clustering 152 Robert Zullo Cognitive miser theory 153 Troy Carlton and Kirby D. Boehm Collective bargaining agreement 155 Farah J. Ishaq and Wonock Chung College athlete labor movement 157 Ellen J. Staurowsky College recruiting 161 Chris Corr and Richard M. Southall Collegiate sport governance 163 Brian Hofman Commercialization 166 Tomasz Taraszkiewicz and Julia Zi—łkowska Commissioner 167 Ryan Vooris Commissions 169 Cheri L. Bradish Communication 170 Damion Sturm and Trish Bradbury Communication accommodation 172 Hayden Coombs and Braden Bagley Communication privacy management 173 Heath Hooper and Michael A. Ross Community interventions 175 LaShawn D. Nastvogel Community relations 176 Brody J. Ruihley Community sport management 177 Troy Carlton Competencies 181 Trish Bradbury and Damion Sturm Competitive balance 182 Bradley J. Baker Competitive cheerleading management 184 Carolynn P. Hobbs Compliance 185 Thordis Gisladottir and Patrick A. Reid Computer programming language 187 Jerred Junqi Wang Concessions 188 Mark A. Slavich Conference office management 190 Tyler A. Williams and Beth A. Cianfrone Conference realignment 193 Rachel Madsen and Annemarie Farrell Conferences 195 Stirling Sharpe Consolidation 196 Lauren C. Anderson Conspicuous consumption 198 Yong Wang and Luke L. Mao Construct 200 Luke L. Mao Consumer behavior 202 Kevin K. Byon Content analysis 204 Laura M. Hatfield Content marketing 206 Rebecca M. Achen Contracts 207 Ted Curtis Convergence 208 Sinhae Roh Copyright 210 Ashlee Morgan CORFing 211 Sean Pradhan and Hayden Coombs Corporate communication 212 Karen L. Hartman Corporate social responsibility 214 Ju Young Lee Corruption 217 Eddie T. C. Lam CORSing 220 Sean Pradhan Creativity 221 Kasey Symons Cricket management 222 Martin Barrett Crisis communication 223 Frauke Hachtmann Crisis management 225 Damion Sturm and Trish Bradbury Critical race theory 227 Jonathan E. Howe Critical theory 229 Shannon Jolly and Jepkorir Rose Chepyator-Thomson Crowd management 230 Wooyoung (William) Jang Cultural awareness 232 Jaime Orejan Cultural capital 234 Alex C. Gang and Jonathan Terrazas Culture 235 Peyton Jo Stensland Curriculum 236 Chad Witkemper Curriculum mapping 238 Robert Case Customer experience 239 Luke L. Mao and Sophia D. Min Customer lifetime value 241 Sandra Shawver Customer relationship management 242 Liam Murray Customer relationship marketing 243 Jennifer Y. Mak Customer services 245 Kevin P. Cattani Data 248 Wanyong Choi Data collection 249 Sangchul Park Data management 251 Sachin Narayanan Data science 253 Jerred Junqi Wang Decentralization 254 Valerio Della Sala Decision-making 255 Jessica R. Braunstein-Minkove Decolonizing sport 257 Brandon C. Joseph and Alisse Ali-Joseph Deglobalization 259 Jung Woo Lee Demographics 260 Eddie T. C. Lam Descriptive research 262 Jeffrey P. Briggs Design thinking 263 Greg Joachim Deviance 265 Melissa James Diffusion of innovations 265 Jung Woo Lee Digital twin 267 Ekaterina Glebova Digitization 269 Michael Anagnostou and Andreas Oikonomou Diplomacy 270 Brennan K. Berg Disability in sport 273 Joshua R. Pate Disc golf management 275 Kirby D. Boehm Discrimination 277 Nicolas Delorme Distant fans 278 Haozhou Pu Diversification 280 Sascha L. Schmidt and Johannes Fühner Diversity 281 Cara Holdsclaw Documentaries and films 283 Devin Anderson and Demetrius Pearson Doping 285 Byron O. Juma and Jules Woolf Draft 288 Sean Seiler and Jepkorir Rose Chepyator-Thomson Drug testing 289 Jörg Krieger and April Henning Ecology 291 Madeleine Orr Economic damages 292 Ryan Brewer Economic impact 294 Ryan Brewer Economics 296 Ary Jose Rocco Junior Electronic gaming 297 David P. Hedlund Emotional intelligence 299 Kevin P. Cattani Employability 300 Kimberly J. Bodey and Chad Witkemper Employment 302 Rennae Williams Stowe Endorsement 303 Jessica R. Braunstein-Minkove Entrepreneurship 305 Robert Case Entry level 306 Joel Cormier Equipment 308 Wonyul Bae Equity 309 Patrick Crowe and Vincent C. Peña Escalator concept 312 James Moore Esports 312 David P. Hedlund Esports betting 315 Wooyoung (William) Jang & Kevin K. Byon Esports marketing 318 Muammer .ztürk Esports venues 319 Hüseyin Çevik & James J. Zhang Ethics 320 Michael A. Ross and Heath Hooper Ethics and mediatization 322 Tracie Edmondson Ethnography 324 Hayden Coombs and Ondřej Hubka Event experience 326 Mark A. Slavich Event impacts 328 Luke Potwarka and Adam Pappas Event management 330 Luke Mashburn Event marketing 335 Luiza Ossowska and Dorota Janiszewska Event negotiations 336 Lance C. Hatfield Executive positions 338 Petros Vourvachis and Michael Anagnostou Exercising sovereignty 341 Alisse Ali-Joseph and Natalie M. Welch Experience quality 343 Hüseyin Çevik and James J. Zhang Experiential learning 344 Juha Yoon and Cassandra Coble Experimental research 345 Sean Pradhan Explanatory research 347 Arif Yüce Exploratory research 348 John Hie Extreme sports 350 Rocco P. Porreca Eye tracking 352 Arif Yüce Facility management 354 Luke Mashburn Fair play 357 Ashley Ryder Faith and sport 359 Hope Grame-Zeller and Janette Watkins Family and sport 360 Hope Grame-Zeller Fan activism 362 Alex C. Gang and Juho Park Fan avidity 364 Cheri L. Bradish Fan identification 364 Ilan Tamir Fanship 366 Dustin Hahn Fantasy sports 368 Braden Norris Fashion 370 Wonyul Bae Festival and event impact 371 Grzegorz Kwiatkowski and Ewa Malchrowicz-Mośko Fiction 372 Kasey Symons Finance 373 Dylan Williams Fitness management 378 Tyler Ratts and Anne L. DeMartini Flutie effect 380 Farah J. Ishaq Focus groups 381 Myia Graves and Ashley Bowers FOMO 383 Braden Bagley and Hayden Coombs Football management 384 Caleb Kavanaugh For-profit sport 387 John Hie and Argyro Elisavet Manoli Foreign players 389 Thordis Gisladottir and Patrick A. Reid Framing 390 Evan Frederick Franchise 392 Qingru Xu Free agency 394 Ted Curtis Fútbol management 395 Alex J. Ko & Minkyo Lee Gambling prevention 397 Braden Norris & Arif Yüce Game theory 398 Bradley J. Baker Gamespersonship 399 Ashley Ryder Gatekeeping 401 Yavuz Demir Gender 402 Lucie Schoch Gender bias 403 Esther Akinniyi and Alex C. Gang Gender equality 405 Lucie Schoch Gender imprinting 406 Thordis Gisladottir and Patrick A. Reid Gender quotas 407 Lucie Schoch Gender-based violence 409 Shannon Jolly Gendered racism 410 Tomika Ferguson and Krystal E. Andrews Generative AI 411 Philip F. Estes Geography 413 Gidon Jakar Global south 414 Wonock Chung Globalization 414 Patrick Crowe and Vincent C. Peña Glocalization 416 John Harris Goal setting 418 Jonathan J. Benedek and Tyler Ratts Golf management 420 Tim Breitbarth and Geoff Dickson Golf spectatorship 421 Yasuhiro Watanabe Governance 422 Eddie T. C. Lam Grassroots 426 Stirling Sharpe and Charles Mountifield Green buildings 427 Jamee A. Pelcher Greenwashing 429 Ekaterina Glebova Grounded theory 431 Frauke Hachtmann Groupthink 433 Sabrina Reed and Hailey Daehnke Growth hacking 434 Jan Boehmer Guest service 436 Lance C. Hatfield Gymnastics management 438 Carolynn P. Hobbs Hall of fame 440 Wen-hao Winston Chou Hallmark sports events 442 Richard Keith Wright Harassment 444 Yavuz Demir Hazing 445 Tyler Ratts and Brian Crow Health communication 447 Braden Bagley and Hayden Coombs Hegemony 448 Luca Bifulco Hidden disability 450 Winston Kennedy High impact practices 452 Jessica R. Braunstein-Minkove Historically black colleges and universities 453 Lawrence Julius Hanks II History of sport management 455 Alan S. Kornspan Hockey management 458 Joel Cormier Hospitality 460 Luiza Ossowska and Dorota Janiszewska Human-centered design 461 David Pierce and Erica Shonkwiler Human resource management 463 Stirling Sharpe and Charles Mountifield Human rights 465 Alex C. Gang and Colton T. Ames Identity threat and coping 468 Yong Wang and Luke L. Mao Idioms 469 Michał Mazurkiewicz Image 471 Mark Dottori and Alex Sévigny Immersive experience 472 Arif Yüce and Volkan Aydoğdu Immersive video 474 Andreas Hebbel-Seeger and Thomas Horky Immigration 476 Mahdi Latififard Inclusivity 477 Cara Holdsclaw Indigenous sport 479 Natalie M. Welch and Alisse Ali-Joseph Industry 481 Julia Zi—łkowska and Tomasz Taraszkiewicz Influencer marketing 483 Jessica R. Braunstein-Minkove Informatics 484 Hallie Murray Information and communication technology 486 Hansol Hwang and Hyejoo Yang Information management 488 Heather Kennedy Infrastructure 489 Julia Zi—łkowska and Tomasz Taraszkiewicz Innovation 491 Natalie L. Smith Institutional logic 492 Crystal Southall and Richard M. Southall Institutional theory 494 Crystal Southall and Richard M. Southall Institutional work 495 Chris Corr and Richard M. Southall Integrated marketing communication 496 Jan Boehmer Intellectual property 498 Katie M. Brown and Zack P. Pedersen Intercollegiate athletics 500 Kathryn Shea Interdisciplinary 503 Heather Kennedy International news coverage 504 Simon Ličen International sport management 505 Minseok Cho and Wonyul Bae International student-athletes 507 Hayden Coombs and Skyler Coombs International volunteerism 509 Randall Griffiths Internships 510 Jonathan J. Benedek Interpersonal skills 512 Hamid Ghasemi and Braden Norris Interscholastic athletics 514 Scott Grant Intersectionality 516 Kasey Symons Interviewing 518 Yair Galily Job satisfaction 520 Lance C. Hatfield Jock tax 521 Dylan Williams Journalism 522 Daniel Nölleke and Jörg-Uwe Nieland Journals 524 Kihan Kim Kayfabe 527 Bill Kershisnik and Hayden Coombs Key performance indicators 529 Martin Barrett Knowledge 530 Gregg Rich Labor management 532 Jeremy J. Foreman and Baykal M. L. Altiner Labor markets 533 Jeremy J. Foreman and Baykal M. L. Altiner Language competence 535 Jaime Orejan Law 536 Mark Dodds and Barbara Osborne Leader-member exchange theory 540 Gregory A. Cranmer Leadership 541 Ana Roman Dominguez and Elizabeth A. Gregg Leagues 543 James Moore Learning 544 Johnny Capra Legacy 546 Ewa Malchrowicz-Mośko and Grzegorz Kwiatkowski Legitimacy 547 Mark Dottori and Alex Sévigny Leisure behavior 549 Wonock Chung and Farah J. Ishaq LGBTQ 551 Melissa James Licensing 552 Jonathan J. Benedek Lifelong sport 553 Yasuhiro Watanabe and James J. Zhang Lifestyle brand 554 Jason W. Lee Lifestyle sports 556 Marika Cappetta and Luca Bifulco Literature 558 Kasey Symons Load management 559 Katja Sonkeng and Jepkorir Rose Chepyator-Thomson Logistics 561 Tim Breitbarth and David M. Herold Logos 563 Zack P. Pedersen Loyalty 564 Bradley J. Baker Luxury boxes and suites 566 Craig Morehead and Chad Witkemper Luxury tax 567 Duane Aagaard Machine learning 570 Lee Allison and James Robert Blair III Management 571 Jason L. Perry Management by objectives 573 Dean A. Brand Management information systems 574 Jan Boehmer Market research 576 Jan Boehmer Market value 577 Jillian McNiff Villemaire and Blen Solomon Marketing 579 Sanghak Lee Marketing mix 582 Zack P. Pedersen and Antonio S. Williams Martial arts management 583 John R. Malmo Mascots 585 Michał Mazurkiewicz Match manipulation 587 Argyro Elisavet Manoli Match officials 589 Stirling Sharpe Media 591 Matthew Zimmerman Media company 593 Alessandro Formisano and Giancarlo Panico Media relations 594 Argyro Elisavet Manoli Media rights 596 Ryan Vooris Media stress 597 Elsa Kristiansen Media technology 598 Sanghyeon Kim and Adam Karg Mediated sports consumption 600 Luke L. Mao and Min Jung Kim Mediation 602 Sangchul Park and Sanghoon Kim Mediatization 603 Tracie Edmondson Mega sporting events 605 Juha Yoon Memorabilia 607 Ray G. Schneider Mental health 608 Heath Hooper and Michael A. Ross Mentoring 611 Hailey Daehnke and Sabrina Reed Merchandise and apparel 612 Yoon Heo and Sung Wook Son Metaverse 614 Sam S. Chen and James J. Zhang Micro-betting 616 Braden Norris Middle management 617 Stephanie M. Vlach Migration 618 B. Nalani Butler Ministry and sport 620 Hope Grame-Zeller and Janette Watkins Mixed methods 621 Gashaw Abeza Mobile commerce 624 Liang Xiao Moderated mediation 626 Sangchul Park and Sanghoon Kim Moderation 627 Sangchul Park and Sanghoon Kim Motivation 629 Tyler A. Williams and Beth A. Cianfrone Motorsport management 631 Clay E. Harshaw Movement for life 635 LaShawn D. Nastvogel Multi-club ownership 636 Julian Hadwiger and Sascha L. Schmidt Name, image, and likeness 639 Dominique C. Kropp Naming rights 641 Wen-hao Winston Chou Nationalism 643 Anthony J. Weems Negligence 645 Thomas J. Orr Neoliberalism 646 Jung Woo Lee Netnography 647 Yiran Su Networking 649 Brian Pruegger Networks 651 Kevin Hull Niche sports 652 Kateřina Turkov‡ NIL collectives 653 Kelly J. Brummett and Antonio S. Williams NIL in interscholastic athletics 655 Scott Grant No-shows 657 Dominik Schreyer Non-fungible tokens 659 Bradley J. Baker Nonprofit sport 661 Kelsey Slater Nostalgia 662 Mark A. Slavich Observation 665 Mark D. Orlando Online communication networks 667 Juha Yoon Online sports betting 668 Hyunseok Song and Kevin K. Byon Online survey panel services 670 Kevin K. Byon and Junwoo Choi Optimization 671 Heather Kennedy Organizational behavior 672 Cassandra Coble Organizational justice 676 Claudia Benavides-Espinoza and Amanda Wheeler Gryffin Organizational networks 678 Hagen Wäsche Organizational policy 680 Vandy Pacetti-Donelson Organizational socialization 681 Gregory A. Cranmer Organizational structure 683 Zachary Evans Organization theory 685 Ary Jose Rocco Junior Outsourcing 686 Ashley Bowers Owned media 687 Daniel Nölleke and Jörg-Uwe Nieland Ownership 688 Hayden Coombs and Braden Bagley Pandemic 691 Jörg-Uwe Nieland and Daniel Nölleke Para sports management 692 Veronika Mackov‡ Paralipsis 694 Hayden Coombs and Matthew H. Barton Parasocial 696 Bradley J. Baker Parenting and sport 698 Hope Grame-Zeller Partial least squares sem 699 Kevin K. Byon & Wooyoung (William) Jang Participative pricing 702 James Robert Blair III and Lee Allison Participatory sport events 705 Troy T. Zhao and James J. Zhang Pedagogy 706 Chad Witkemper Peer mentoring 708 Ammon Harris and Hayden Coombs Peer review 709 Hayden Coombs and Braden Bagley Performance analytics 711 Andrea Wilk Performance appraisal 712 Tyler Ratts Performance management 714 Kimberly J. Bodey and Chad Witkemper Performing sport politics 715 Trygve B. Broch Personal branding 717 Christie M. Kleinmann Personnel management 718 Taylor M. Hanson Phenomenology 720 Robbie Matz Philanthropy 721 Elisabeth A. Erickson Philosophy 723 Rocco P. Porreca Phygital marketing 725 Volkan Aydoğdu & Arif Yüce Pickleball management 726 Jason W. Lee Podcasts 727 Tyler Ratts and Jonathan J. Benedek Policy 729 Brennan K. Berg Politics 732 Anthony Weems Positions 733 Jillian McNiff Villemaire Positive psychology 734 Angela Robles and Rhea Owens Post-qualitative inquiry 735 Sean Seiler Premium seating 737 K.C. Mayer and Olzhas Taniyev Presentation 738 Zesheng Yang Pricing 740 Jennifer Y. Mak Privacy 742 Heath Hooper Private equity investment 742 Kristi Sweeney Privilege 743 Hayden Coombs and Khirey Walker Problem betting 746 Arif Yüce and Braden Norris Product 748 Arif Yüce Professional sport 749 Kristi Sweeney Professional wrestling management 751 Bill Kershisnik and Hayden Coombs Program management 753 Jill Sharp and Ashley Bowers Promotion and relegation 755 Chris Hanna Promotion mix 757 Eddie T. C. Lam Promotions 758 Jonathan J. Benedek Property 760 Gregg Rich Psychographics 762 Beth A. Cianfrone Psychology 763 Angela Robles and Rhea Owens Public health and sport 765 Amy Chan Hyung Kim Public relations 766 Brody J. Ruihley Public service 768 Sinhae Roh Public sphere 769 Jörg-Uwe Nieland and Daniel Nölleke Public–private partnership 770 Tomasz Taraszkiewicz and Julia Zi—łkowska Qualitative research 774 Robbie Matz Quantitative research 775 Tang Tang Racism 778 Cara Holdsclaw Radio 779 Hans C. Schmidt Rapid growth sports 781 Stavros Triantafyllidis Real estate development 783 Judith Grant Long Recreation management 785 Martin Barrett Recruiting 786 Karlee A. Posteher Referee management 788 Jacob K. Tingle Referee training and development 791 Ian Cunningham & Géraldine Rix-Lièvre Reflexivity 794 Michael J. Mignano Refugee 796 Mahdi Latififard Relationship marketing 797 Rebecca M. Achen and Gashaw Abeza Religion 799 Michał Mazurkiewicz Reputation management 801 Damion Sturm and Trish Bradbury Research methods 803 Gashaw Abeza Retail 806 Luke L. Mao Return on investment 808 Natalie Bunch and Beth A. Cianfrone Revenue sharing 810 Ryan Spalding Risk assessment 811 Stacey A. Hall Risk management 812 Michael A. Ross and Heath Hooper Risks in sport 814 Victor V. Timchenko Ritual 815 Michał Mazurkiewicz Rodeo management 817 Jason W. Lee Rooney rule 818 Jeremy J. Foreman and Baykal M. L. Altiner Safe sport 820 Emma Kavanagh and Payam Ansari Safeguarding 821 Carole Gomez and Lucie Schoch Salary caps 823 Hayden Coombs and Braden Bagley Sales 824 Alex Stoikos and Olan Kees Martin Scott Sales promotions 825 Martin Barrett Sanctioning 826 Meungguk Park Scale development 827 Kevin K. Byon Scale validation 829 Eddie T. C. Lam Schadenfreude 831 Troy Carlton and Kyle Holmes Scouting 833 David Zinn Search engine 834 Rebecca M. Achen Search firms 835 Chris Croft Second screen 836 Arif Yüce Security 837 Karla F. Jones Security management 839 Janet M. Howes and Tyler Ratts Segmentation 841 Zack P. Pedersen and Antonio S. Williams Self-categorization theory 842 Hongyoung Kim and Luke L. Mao Self-determination theory 844 Hongyoung Kim & Luke L. Mao Self-presentation 846 Bo Li Semiotics 848 Jung Woo Lee Senior woman administrator 849 Tomika Ferguson Sense of place 851 Jason W. Lee Sentiment analysis 853 Benqiao (Stella) Jiang and Kevin K. Byon Serious leisure 854 Richard Keith Wright Service 856 Hannah Huiyuan Bo and James J. Zhang Service-learning 858 Christina M. Gipson Service quality 859 Jennifer Y. Mak Sexism 861 Cara Lucia Sexual abuse 862 Brian Hofman Sexual harassment 863 Brian Hofman Sexual orientation 865 Anna Baeth Signage 867 Jillian McNiff Villemaire Significant others and sport 868 Hope Grame-Zeller Simulators 869 Wonyul Bae Sleep and the circadian rhythm 871 Sean Pradhan Social capital 872 Alex C. Gang and Eunah Jo Social class 874 Luca Bifulco Social cognitive theory 875 Keri Larsen and Ashley Bowers Social identity complexity 877 Hayden Coombs and Braden Bagley Social identity theory 878 Jackson Sears and Beth A. Cianfrone Social justice 880 Vincent C. Peña and Patrick Crowe Social learning theory 883 Chenelle Kruger Goyen and Jepkorir Rose Chepyator-Thomson Social media 884 Jimmy Sanderson Social media journalism 888 Yavuz Demir Social media sport management 889 Kateřina Turkov‡ Social network analysis 890 Hagen Wäsche Socialization 892 Lucie Schoch Sociology 894 Elisabeth Erickson Soft power 897 Alex C. Gang and Colton T. Ames Software and mobile applications 899 Troy T. Zhao and James J. Zhang Specialization 902 Ashley Ryder Spectacle 903 Jörg-Uwe Nieland and Daniel Nölleke Spectator 904 Dustin Hahn Spectator literacy 905 Kyungun (Ryan) Kim and Woo-Young Lee Sponsorship 906 T. Bettina Cornwell Sponsorship evaluation 908 Norm O’Reilly Sport development 910 Wonock Chung and Farah J. Ishaq Sport for development 911 Wonock Chung and Farah J. Ishaq Sporting goods 913 LaShawn D. Nastvogel Sports information 914 Kyungun (Ryan) Kim & Woo-Young Lee Sportscape 916 Jason W. Lee Sportswashing 918 Anneliese Goslin and Darlene A. Kluka Stacking 921 Steven J. Jackson Stadium operations 923 Luke Mashburn Stakeholder 924 Giancarlo Panico Stakeholder theory 926 Tyler Ratts and Jonathan J. Benedek Statistics 928 Dustin Hahn Storytelling 929 Tim Breitbarth and Sam Duncan Strategic communication 931 Mark Dottori and Alex Sévigny Strategic management 933 Jeremy J. Foreman and Baykal M. L. Altiner Strategic marketing 936 Jonathan J. Benedek Strategic sport communication model 938 Mark Dottori and Alex Sévigny Streaming 939 Sarah Wymer Stress management 941 Melissa James Structural equation modeling 942 Kevin K. Byon Student-athlete 944 Karlee A. Posteher Superstition 945 Arif Yüce Supply chain management 947 David M. Herold and Tim Breitbarth Supporters club 948 Sandra Shawver Survey research 949 Sangchul Park Sustainability 950 Stavros Triantafyllidis Sustainability marketing 953 Muammer .ztürk Sustainable certification 955 Jamee A. Pelcher Sustainable stadiums 956 Arif Yüce Swimming management 959 Marisa Sousa and Maria José Carvalho SWOT analysis 961 Trish Bradbury and Damion Sturm Tailgating 963 Andy Gillentine and Grace K. Davie Talent acquisition 964 Abdulsamad Olajide Yusuf and Oladele Isiaka Oladipo Talent evaluation 965 Abdulsamad Olajide Yusuf and Oladele Isiaka Oladipo Tanking 966 Katja Sonkeng and Jepkorir Rose Chepyator-Thomson Target market 968 Woo-Young Lee and Kyungun (Ryan) Kim Tax-free college sports 969 Dylan Williams Team identity 971 Henry Wear Technology 972 Cheri L. Bradish Technology adoption 973 Armin Marquez Tennis management 975 Kelsey Slater Ticket markets 976 Olzhas Taniyev and Kurt C. Mayer Ticketing 978 Emily M. Newell Tipster 980 Arif Yüce Title IX 981 Brian Hofman Torts 984 Ted Curtis Tourism 985 Kelsey Slater Tournament format 986 Eddie T. C. Lam Track and field management 988 Lawrence W. Judge Trade publications 990 Kimberly J. Bodey and Chad Witkemper Trademark 991 Chris Hanna Tragedy 992 Brian Hofman Training 994 Johnny Capra Transdisciplinary research 996 James Du Transfer portal 998 Jimmy Sanderson Transgender participation 1000 Charles Mountifield Triple bottom line 1001 Ioannis Konstantopoulos and Argyro Elisavet Manoli Upper management 1004 César García Muñoz Upsets 1005 Ray G. Schneider and Brian M. Campbell Urbanism 1006 Valerio della Sala Uses and gratifications 1008 Bo Li and Warwick Reider Valuation 1011 Ryan Brewer Video games 1013 Kwangho Park and Ju Young Lee Violence 1014 Dustin Hahn Virtual advertising 1015 Arif Yüce Virtual collaboration software 1017 Hallie Murray Virtual reality 1019 Bradley J. Baker Vision 1021 Michael Baptiste Volleyball management 1022 Frederick L. Battenfield Volunteer management 1025 Randall Griffiths Volunteer motivation 1027 Stirling Sharpe and Charles Mountifield Wearable technologies and analytics 1030 Lauren Burch Websites 1031 Katja Sonkeng and Ismail Asiimwe Women and sport 1033 Darlene A. Kluka & Anneliese Goslin Word of mouth 1037 Jinwook (Jason) Chung XReality 1040 Andreas Hebbel-Seeger and Thomas Horky Youth sport development 1043 Jeffrey R. Farr Youth sport management 1044 Troy Carlton Youth sport pedagogy 1049 Hope Grame-Zeller and Janette Watkins Zero sum 1051 Joshua Dickhaus Zero tolerance 1052 Petros Vourvachis

‘The second edition ensures that the Encyclopedia remains a relevant and up-to-date resource for both current and future readers. To sum up, the Encyclopedia of Sport Management is a highly recommended resource for anyone seeking a comprehensive introduction to the field.’