These are their expressive power (memorable gestures and unequivocal messages, which are immediately recognizable and visible), their aggregation power (they build group identities, and consolidate allegiances and bonds) and their mobilization power (they galvanize people, and inspire them to participate and take action).

Chapter 1: Politicians and the Attractions of Incivility.- Chapter 2: The Media Industry of Incivility.- Chapter 3: Citizens and the Seductive Power of Incivility.- Chapter 4: Incivility as a Tool for Social Change.- Chapter 5: Incivility and Democracy.

This book offers a systematization of the recourse to political incivility by different subjects and in different contexts. The authors argue that incivility has now become a strategic resource that can be used by various actors in the public arena to achieve specific goals. We are referring not only to traditional political subjects, but also to journalists, citizens, movements and protest groups, that is to a plurality of actors who, from different angles, contribute to the construction of the “political spectacle”. This resource can be activated according to circumstances and conveniences, whether their nature be political (to place an issue at the center of public debate or a new actor in the offer range), mediatic (to achieve an increase in visibility or viewership) or relational (to expand one’s visibility and centrality in social media). The book identifies common elements linking the different levels of use of incivility, which can be traced in uncivil forms of  communication. These are their expressive power (memorable gestures and unequivocal messages, which are immediately recognizable and visible), their aggregation power (they build group identities, and consolidate allegiances and bonds) and their mobilization power (they galvanize people, and inspire them to participate and take action). Sara Bentivegna is Full Professor at the Sapienza University of Rome, Italy. Rossella Rega is Associate Professor at the University of Siena, Italy.

Conceptualises and defines political incivility Examines political incivility as a communication strategy Includes concrete examples taken from different current political contexts, especially Italy and the US