Contents Speaking truth to power no more? Examining the patterns and practices of policy advice in the contemporary era 1 Michael Howlett and Ishani Mukherjee PART I INTRODUCTION AND KEY CONCEPTS IN THE STUDY OF POLICY ADVICE Section I.1 Introduction – Policy Advice and Why it is Problematic 1 Speaking truth to power: the dynamics of knowledge use in policymaking 14 Giliberto Capano and Anna Malandrino 2 Rethinking a policy science for democracy: a deliberative approach to expert advice 24 Frank Fischer 3 ‘Non-knowledge’ in contemporary public policy: amnesia, ignorance, and misinformation 34 Adam Hannah, Jordan Tchilingirian and Linda Courtenay Botterill 4 Policy advice as a particular type of policy work 46 Arnošt Veselý 5 Knowledge demand: the political drivers of policy advice 57 Rob Manwaring and Lawrence Velasco Section I.2 The Nature of Policy Advice 6 What counts as evidence in policy advice 70 Paul Cairney 7 Evidence-based policy or policy-based evidence? Science-policy relations in evidence-based policymaking 82 Holger Straßheim 8 Issues of quality: what is good policy analysis and how do we know? 100 Wil A.H. Thissen and Patricia G.J. Twaalfhoven 9 Utilization-focused scientific policy advice: a six-point checklist for experts and professionals 135 Fritz Sager, Céline Mavrot, Markus Hinterleitner, David Kaufmann, Martin Grosjean and Thomas F. Stocker 10 Policy advice and capacity 145 Azad Singh Bali and M. Kerem Coban Section I.3 Generating Policy Knowledge 11 Knowledge supply: expert professions, epistemic communities and instrument constituencies 159 Johan Christensen 12 The nature of policy influence: what kinds of advice do governments listen to and for what purposes? 169 Natalia Massaco Koga, Pedro Lucas de Moura Palotti, Bruno Gontyjo do Couto, Rafael da Silva Lins and Maricilene Isaira Baia do Nascimento 13 Ideas and policy advice: the role of ideas in policy advice 185 Daniel Beland and Ishani Mukherjee 14 Interest-based policy influence organizations: lobbyists and interest groups 194 Christopher A. Cooper and Maxime Boucher 15 Transnational policy advice: transfer agents and power relations 207 Osmany Porto de Oliveira and Céline Mavrot PART II POLICY ADVICE AND KNOWLEDGE UTILIZATION IN PUBLIC POLICY-MAKING Section II.1 The Sources of Policy Advice 16 The three-legged race: public servants and political advisers in the policy process 221 Richard Shaw 17 The role of academics: super-users and hyper-experts in delivering policy advice 232 Andrea Migone, R. Michael McGregor, Kathy Brock and Michael Howlett 18 The governance of policy advice: between scientization and participation 245 Eva Krick, Cathrine Holst and Johan Christensen 19 Lobbying across the policy cycle: sources of policy advice lobbyists, policy consulting, and think tanks 261 David Coen and Alexander Katsaitis 20 Engineering advice for policy: opportunities and risks 275 Adam C. G. Cooper and Laurent Lioté Section II.2 The Organization of Policy Advice 21 The role of internal governmental knowledge agencies: statistical bureaus and legislative research offices 286 Cosmo Howard 22 The new ecology and dynamics of bureaucratic policy advisory systems: policy, innovation, and appraisal units in turbulent environments 298 Evert Lindquist 23 Organizing policy advice within government: the role of policy shops 314 Andrea Migone and Michael Howlett 24 Think tanks and policy labs: knowledge-based policy influence organizations as policy advisors 330 Adam M. Wellstead and Michael Howlett 25 Something old, something new: public inquiries and policy advice 339 Alastair Stark and Sophie Yates Section II.3 Communicating Policy Knowledge and Advice Knowledge Protocols 26 Use and effectiveness of policy briefs as a knowledge transfer tool: a scoping review 353 Diana Arnautu and Christian Dagenais 27 Awareness and use of systematic literature reviews and meta-analyses by ministerial policy analysts 366 Pierre-Olivier Bédard and Mathieu Ouimet 28 Evaluation influence? Mobilizing policy evaluation advice into the policy process 381 Pirmin Bundi and Valérie Pattyn 29 Can the use of minipublics backfire? Examining how policy adoption shapes the effect of minipublics on political support among the general public 391 Lisa Van Dijk and Jonas Lefevere 30 Embracing the future of the policy sciences: big data in pedagogy and practice 408 Ola El-Taliawi, Nihit Goyal and Michael Howlett PART III MATCHING POLICY ADVICE SUPPLY AND DEMAND Section III.1 Policy Brokers 31 Interactions between governments and information suppliers: beyond the two communities metaphor 428 Joshua Newman and Mirah Mahaswari 32 Knowledge brokers 438 Eleanor MacKillop, James Downe, Steve Martin and Hannah Durrant 33 Policy entrepreneurs and policy brokerage for policy advice 452 Darren Disney and Michael Mintrom 34 The role of policy advice and policy professionals as policy brokers in organizations 462 Joanna Mellquist 35 Political advisors as policy brokers 474 Marleen Brans and Pierre Squevin Section III.2 Policy Consulting 36 Obtaining policy advice through the market 487 Michael Howlett and Andrea Migone 37 Core and linkage formulation work: understanding the scope of consultants’ policy formulation roles and what drives their policy influence 507 Reut Marciano 38 From consultocracy to professional service cartels: understanding the leverage of transnational professional service firms in the market for policy advice 519 Chris Hurl 39 Behavioural policy advice: the location of specialized policy consultants 533 Ishani Mukherjee and Sarah Giest 40 A very special kind of consultant: how public engagement practitioners deal with the democratic ethos of their profession 543 Laurence Bherer Section III.3 Policy Advice Systems 41 Policy Advisory Systems as knowledge filters: actors, contents, and dynamics in public policy 556 Maria Tullia Galanti 42 The politico-administrative and politico-ideational foundations of comparative Policy Advisory Systems 576 Jakob Laage-Thomsen 43 Change and dynamics in policy advisory systems: confronting the types and nature of PAS change 590 Jonathan Craft and John Halligan 44 Variations of policy advisory systems: taking stock 601 Thurid Hustedt 45 Democratising expertise 610 Eva Krick and Cathrine Holst PART IV THE FUTURE OF POLICY ADVICE Section IV.1 Future Trends: Participatory Advice and Pluralistic Knowledge Sources 46 The potentials and limitations of using artificial intelligence for policymaking 623 Pascal D. Koenig and Georg Wenzelburger 47 Co-production, collaboration and co-design as sources of policy advice 639 Colette Einfeld and Emma Blomkamp 48 Problems of expertise in a populist era 650 Brian Head 49 The impact of social media, ‘fake news,’ and disinformation on policy advice 661 Kris Hartley 50 Policy influence and influencers online and off 674 Anniina Kotkaniemi, Tuomas Ylä-Anttila, Ted Hsuan and Yun Chen