Preface The “Century of Humiliation” as a Retrospective Icon Transliteration and Word Order 1. International Relations, History, and “Images” The International System and China: A Challenge of Topic and Disciplinarity Culture and Identity Race Images Sources 2. Humiliations Established in the First and Second Opium Wars Colliding Images The First Opium War (1840–1842) Humiliation and the Unequal Treaties System Chinese Responses to Defeat Chinese Emigration Becomes an International Issue The Second Opium War (1857–1860) Geocultural Politics and the Burning of the Summer Palace Russia’s Drive to the Amur Basin and Vladivostok 3. Humiliations Maintained Effects and Aftermath of the Second Opium War “Self-strengthening” Advocates in China Chinese Immigration Issues in the United States and the “Heathen Chinee” The “Chinese Threat” in Australasia Ongoing and New Threats to China in Asia Political Restrictions in California Chinese Diplomacy in the West 4. China’s Attempted “Awakening” China’s Military Revival Australasian Invasion Scares and Political Debates American Social Darwinism and Anti-Immigration Politics Russian Responses to China An Anglo-Chinese Alliance? The “March of the Mongol” and “The Chinese Question” Chinese Voices on “China’s Awakening” 5. China’s Further Humiliations The Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895 Eastern Perspectives on the Sino-Japanese War Western Perspectives on the Sino-Japanese War Reformist Analysis and Imperial Leadership “Sliced Like a Water-melon” The Boxer Revolt Autumnal Perspectives on the Boxer Revolt Chinese Perspectives Reemergence of a China Threat Perception Russian Geopolitics Xinzheng Reforms and Chinese Nationalism The Russo-Japanese War and a Sino-Japanese Axis Immigration and Trade Furors across the Pacific Fall of the Qing 6. China Adrift in a Brave New World Images of a New Republic, a New China Yellow Peril Incarnations (Fu Manchu and Others) China and “World” War I Diplomatic Betrayals and the May Fourth Movement Race and Culture, Pan-Asianism, and Chinese Nationalism The Soviet Factor Unequal Treaties Revision and Nationalist Agitation-Renewal National Reunification and Uncertainties 7. Wartime Humiliations from Japan and the West The Manchurian Affair and Aftermath The Second Sino-Japanese War (1937–1945) Yellow-Red Perils? Immigration and Extraterritoriality, Strategic Revisions Perceptions of China’s Status as a Great Power and Military Ally Western Comments on China’s Postwar Role Race, Population, and Immigration Resurface Across the Pacific Whose China? 8. Legacies Bibliography Index

"The major contribution of this book is in its collection of source materials concerning the ways in which China and its people were perceived in the western media and by western experts … this is a useful book to students and scholars who are interested in China's international relations over the past two centuries." — East Asia"One of the book's strengths is that it reveals, again through the writings of participants, the Western fear of China as relations with that huge nation intensified following the creation of the Unequal Treaty system. Especially noteworthy is the racist concept of the Yellow Peril that poisoned Sino-Western relations for generations … Scott's book should be a welcome addition to the reading list of anyone who would like to deepen his or her understanding of why this is so." — Journal of Asian History"Using an approach that merges history and international relations theory, Scott relates China's arduous quest for identity before the international community … Scott's interdisciplinary framework proves useful to understanding the history of Chinese international relations in the 19th and 20th centuries." — CHOICE"This richly documented book presents a very informative portrait of China's and the West's complicated views and perceptions about each other, important perceptions that are powerfully affecting today's China and its interactions with the outside world." — Fei-Ling Wang, coeditor of China Rising: Power and Motivation in Chinese Foreign Policy