In This Section:     I)  Brief Table of Contents     II)  Detailed Table of Contents    I) Brief Table of Contents    Chapter 1. The Field of Demography Chapter 2. The Field of Demography Chapter 3. Sources of Demographic Data Chapter 4. Mortality Patterns in the Modern Era Chapter 5. History and Context of Mortality Differentials and Mortality Decline Chapter 6. Mortality Decline in the Less Developed Region Chapter 7. Mortality Issues in the More Developed Region Chapter 8. Fertility Patterns in the Modern Era Chapter 9. Theory and Practice of Fertility Decline in Historical Europe and in the Less Developed Region Chapter 10. Fertility in the More Developed Region Chapter 11. Age and Sex Structure and Population Projections Chapter 12. Migration and Urbanization   II) Detailed Table of Contents   Chapter 1. The Field of Demography Overview The Study of Demography Uses of Demography Demographic Perspectives Major Population Phenomena and Related Theories and Frameworks The Influence of History, Anthropology, Psychology, Political Science, and Statistics on Population Thinking Demography as a Field Demographic Patterns, Development, and Social Change Concluding Comments   Chapter 2. The Field of Demography Overview World Population Growth Characteristics of World Regions and of the Ten Most Populous Countries Consequences of Population Size The Population Balancing Equation and Components of Population Growth World Population Aging World Population Policy Concerns   Chapter 3. Sources of Demographic Data Overview Demographic Data Sources: Briefly Considered Combining of Census and Vital Registration Data to Calculate Rates Population Censuses: Considerations and Problems Registration of Vital Events: Considerations and Problems Population Registers: Considerations and Problems Sample Surveys Historical Sources Administrative Data Assumptions and Accuracy of Estimates: UNAIDS Revision of HIV Prevalence Estimate for India in 2007 Collection of Data about Race and Ethnicity Data Collection, Development Level, and Precision of Knowledge Timeliness of Available Demographic Data Ethical Issues in Demographic Data Collection   Chapter 4. Mortality Patterns in the Modern Era Overview Overall Mortality Trends—The Infant Mortality Rate and Expectation of Life at Birth Mortality Trends by Region of Africa Mortality Trends by Region of Europe Mortality Indicators in the World’s Ten Most Populous Countries in 2010 Trends in the Infant Mortality Rate and Expectation of Life at Birth in Selected Countries Typical Mortality Patterns Rectangularization of Mortality: The Example of Sweden Age-Adjusted Death Rates The Life Table The Effects of HIV on Mortality by Age and Sex Life Table Patterns in India, the United States, Japan, and Botswana in 2009 Life Table Values Related to Fertility and Old-Age Support for the Ten Largest Countries in 2010 Sex Differences in Mortality by Age: The United States, Russia, and India Sex Ratios by Age Sex Differentials in Infant and Child Mortality What Is the Limit of the Human Life Span? Female Life Table Patterns with e00 from 25 to 100 Years The Concept of a Cohort Real Cohorts and Synthetic Cohorts   Chapter 5. History and Context of Mortality Differentials and Mortality Decline Overview The Epidemiologic Transition Historical Mortality Decline More Consideration of Causes of Death and Disability   Chapter 6. Mortality Decline in the Less Developed Region Overview Factors Related to Decline from High Mortality to Moderate Mortality in the Less Developed Region   Chapter 7. Mortality Issues in the More Developed Region Overview Most Important Public Health Achievements in the United States in the Twentieth Century Old Age Mortality Trends in the United States, France, and Japan Mortality from Natural Causes and from External Causes by Sex: United States, 2005   Chapter 8. Fertility Patterns in the Modern Era Overview The General Fertility Rate, the Child–Woman Ratio, and the Total Fertility Rate The Sex Ratio at Birth The Gross Reproduction Rate The Net Reproduction Rate Calculation of the Net Reproduction Rate Fertility and Fertility Change in the Ten Most Populous Countries: From 1950–1955 to 2005–2010 The Growth Rate Resulting from Combinations of Expectation of Life at Birth and the Total Fertility Rate The Net Reproduction Rate Resulting from Combinations of Expectation of Life at Birth and the Total Fertility Rate Highest Total Fertility Rate and Highest Net Reproduction Rate Countries: 2005–2010 Cohort Fertility Period and Cohort Total Fertility Rates in the United States: The Great Depression and the Baby Boom Population Dynamics and Crisis in Rwanda The Female Reproductive Period Fertility and Fecundity Birth Intervals Proximate Determinants of Fertility Marriage and Marital Fertility Changes in the Age Pattern of First Marriage Natural Fertility and Controlled Fertility Age Patterns of Natural and Controlled Fertility The Contribution of Changes in Marriage Age and Fertility Control to the Shape of the Fertility Schedule Shifts in the Age Pattern of Fertility in Highly Developed, Low-Fertility Settings   Chapter 9. Theory and Practice of Fertility Decline in Historical  Europe and in the Less Developed Region Overview Fertility Change in Historical Europe Coale’s Preconditions for Fertility Limitation Age at Marriage in Less Developed Countries Theories of Decline from High to Moderate or Low Fertility Some Reasons for the Persistence of High Fertility KAP Surveys, Fertility Intentions, and Wantedness of Children The Family-Planning Program in Taiwan: An Early Success Story Education of Women and the Fertility Transition Development of Contraceptive Methods Contraceptive Use Unmet Need for Family Planning Linking Adoption of Contraception to Other Contacts with the Health Care System The Difference between Mortality Policy and Fertility Policy Shifts in Fertility Policy Controversies about the Roles of Development and Family-Planning Programs in Fertility Decline in Less Developed Countries Fertility Cannot Be Lowered and Raised Instantly like Turning a Water Tap Off or On: The Case of Singapore Changes in Fertility in Pairs of Less Developed Countries Unwanted Pregnancies, Unwanted Children, and Abortion   Chapter 10. Fertility in the More Developed Region Overview Contraceptive Use and Abortion in More Developed Countries Theories of Fertility Decline from Low to Very Low Fertility Changes in Aspects of Fertility in Low-Fertility Countries Marriage, Cohabitation, and Fertility Changes in the United States Examples of Policy Efforts to Raise Fertility Changes in Fertility in Pairs of More Developed Countries   Chapter 11. Age and Sex Structure and Population Projections Overview Median Age Young, Working Age, and Older Populations Population Pyramids for Actual Populations Population Projections Population Projections for the World, Italy, the United States, China, and Mali The Actual Growth Rate, the Intrinsic Growth Rate, and Population Momentum   Chapter 12. Migration and Urbanization Overview Defining Migration Measuring Migration Migration Theories Movers and Stayers Migration and Mortality Migration and Climate Change Migration and Fertility Internal Migrants Government Policies and Views about Internal Migration Involuntary Internal Moves and Restrictions on Internal Migration Family Migration Decisions in the United States Patterns of U.S. Interregional Migration International Migrants Government Policies about International Migration Immigration to the United States Citizenship Laws in Various Countries Resentment toward Immigrants Stateless Persons Political Shifts and International Migration What Is Urban? Ideas about the Development of Urban Places and the Nature of Urban and Rural Life Urbanization and Urban Growth Urban and Rural Populations in the World: 1950–2010 Urban Agglomerations Megalopolises Overbounded Cities, Underbounded Cities, and Alternative City Boundary Definitions Size Distributions of Cities Central Cities, Suburbanization, Transportation Improvement, and Nonmetropolitan Growth in the United States and Other MDR Countries The Changing Nature of Rural Places   Appendix A: United Nations Classification of Countries Appendix B: Websites with Useful Population Information Appendix C: Major Population Journals Glossary Index