’Was the Arab Spring a consequence of the youth bulge - the high share of young people in the population? Will Europe’s decline in fertility and its ageing population lead to social and political stagnation? Such provocative questions are raised in this important work, which links uneven demographic trends in Europe and the Arab world to future challenges concerning economic change, migration and national identity.’ Stephen Castles, University of Sydney, Australia ’This book contains a lucid and thought-provoking treatment of the demographic contrast between two major regions on both sides of the Mediterranean, and how this cleavage will affect all of them economically, socially and politically. The chapters make a convincing point about how demography conditions the international and national scenes.’ Ron Lesthaeghe, Free University Brussels (VUB), Belgium