1 Sociology: Theory and Method What Is Sociology?The Sociological ImaginationThe Study of Society Quantitative versus Qualitative ResearchThe Scientific MethodEthics Origins and Development of SociologyTheoretical Perspectives in SociologyFunctionalismConflict TheorySymbolic Interaction References2 Culture What Is the Difference Between Society and Culture?Types of Societies Marx and Conflict TheoryFunctionalism and CultureDurkheim: Organic and Mechanical SolidarityParsons: AGIL Symbolic InteractionismLanguageLevels of NormalcyFolkways, Mores, and Taboos Ethnocentrism and Cultural RelativitySocial MovementsReferences3 Socialization, From Infancy to Old Age What Is Socialization?Feral Children and Isolated ChildrenDeprived Animals: The Harlow ExperimentsSocialization of the SelfCooley and the Looking-Glass SelfMead and Role TakingReflection Questions: Socialization of the Self Socialization into Gender RolesThe Role of Family in Gender SocializationThe Role of Peers in Gender SocializationThe Role of the Mass Media in Gender Socialization The Agents of SocializationNeighborhoodReligionSchoolThe WorkplaceReflection Questions: The Agents of Socialization ResocializationSocialization through the Life CourseChildhoodAdolescenceEarly and Middle AdulthoodThe Older Years (65 and Older)Reflection Questions: Socialization through the Life Course References4 Social Interaction, Groups, and Formal Organizations Social Interaction and Social StructureDefinitionsLevels of Sociological Analysis Social Statuses and Social RolesSocial StatusRolesReflection Questions: Statuses and Roles Social InstitutionsFunctionalist Perspective on Social InstitutionsConflict Perspective on Social InstitutionsSymbolic Interactionist Perspective on Social Institutions DramaturgyReflection Questions: Dramaturgy EthnomethodologyReflection Questions: Ethnomethodology The Social Construction of RealitySocial GroupsDifferent Types of GroupsReflection Questions: Social GroupsSocial NetworksFormal OrganizationsBureaucracyGroup DynamicsLeadershipThe Power of Authority: The Milgram ExperimentReflection Questions: Group Dynamics References5 Deviance What Is Deviance?Solomon Asch: Asch Conformity ExperimentsDeviance and Social OrderSymbolic Interactionism and Deviance Labeling Theory and StigmaDifferential Association TheoryControl TheoryStructural Functionalism and DevianceDeviance as Functional Strain TheoryThe Conflict PerspectiveMedicalization of DeviancePyrrhic Defeat TheoryReferences6 Social Stratification Power, Wealth, and PrestigeSystems of Social StratificationSlaveryCasteEstateClass Determinants of Social ClassReflection Questions: Social Class The Functionalist Perspective on Social StratificationThe Davis-Moore TheoryTumin's Critique of the Davis-Moore Theory The Conflict Perspective on Social StratificationMarx's TheoryCritique of Marx's TheoryReflection Questions: Functionalist and Conflict Perspectives on Social Stratification Social Stratification in the United Kingdom versus the Former Soviet UnionSocial Stratification in the United StatesWealth in AmericaPower in AmericaPoverty in AmericaReflection Questions: Social Stratification in the United States Global Stratification: A Comparison Between High-, Middle-, and Low-Income NationsHigh-Income NationsMiddle-Income NationsLow-Income Nations Correlates of Global PovertyTheories of Global PovertyDependency Theory: The Negative Impact of ColonialismWorld System TheoryThe Culture of Poverty TheoryReflection Questions: Global Poverty References7 Family, Marriage, and Gender FamilyFamily as a Social InstitutionFunctions of the Family: The Functionalist PerspectiveThe Conflict Perspective on Family: Struggles between Husbands and WivesThe Symbolic Interactionist Perspective on FamilyTrends in U.S. FamiliesReflection Questions: Family MarriageLove and Courtship Viewed GloballyDivorce and RemarriageReflection Questions: Marriage GenderMargaret Mead's Research on Gender Role NormsNature vs. Nurture: The Case of David ReimerGlobal Gender Inequality Gender Inequality in the United StatesGender and ViolenceThe Rise of FeminismReflection Questions: Gender References8 Race and Ethnicity Race, Ethnicity, and Minority GroupsRaceEthnicityMinority Groups and Dominant GroupsReflection Questions: Race, Ethnicity, and Minority Groups Prejudice and DiscriminationTheories of PrejudiceScapegoat TheoryAuthoritarian Personality TheoryCulture TheoryConflict Theory The Functionalist Perspective on PrejudiceThe Symbolic-Interactionist Perspective on PrejudiceReflection Questions: Theories of Prejudice Intergroup RelationsGenocidePopulation TransferInternal ColonialismSegregationAssimilationMulticulturalismReflection Questions: Intergroup Relations Timeline of African American History through the End of the 19th CenturyCurrent Status of African Americans in the United StatesCurrent ControversiesReflection Questions: Current Controversies References9 Politics and Political Issues Politics and Types of AuthorityTypes of GovernmentDemocracyMonarchyCommunism/Socialism (as Political Systems)Reflection Questions: Government Types of Economic SystemsTraditional Economic SystemsCommand Economic SystemsMarket Economic SystemsMarket Economies vs. Planned Economies Convergence HypothesisReflection Questions: Economy The U.S. Political SystemElectoral CollegePolitical Parties and ElectionsParties and IdeologyOther Political PartiesLibertarian PartyGreen PartyReflection Questions: Political Parties in the U.S. Population and the EnvironmentGlobal PopulationWorld Population GrowthPopulation Aging and DeclineHuman ImmigrationThe EnvironmentActivism or Terrorism?Reflection Questions: Population and Environment Terrorism and WarSociological PerspectivesStructural FunctionalismConflict TheorySymbolic Interactionism References10 Education and Religion What Is Education?Functionalism and EducationInnovationCultural TransmissionSocial Placement and Anticipatory SocializationAssimilation and Social IntegrationSymbolic Interactionism and EducationSocial Constructionism LabelingConflict Theory and EducationProblems in EducationRussia—Challenges in Pedagogy and CurriculumNigeria—School ViolenceNepal—Poverty and Lack of Educational Funding Homeschooling and UnschoolingReflection Questions: Education ReligionFunctionalism—The Functions of ReligionSymbolic InteractionismBelief, Ritual, and ExperienceConflict Perspective—Karl MarxReflection Questions: Religion References