Comparison of objects, events, and situations is integral to judgment; comparisons of the self with other people comprise one of the building blocks of human conduct and experience. After four decades of research, the topic of social comparison is more popular than ever.

I. Introduction.- 1. A Selective History of Classic and Neo-Social Comparison Theory.- II. Foundations of Social Comparison.- 2. Interpreting and Inventing Social Reality: Attributional and Constructive Elements in Social Comparison.- 3. Stability of Related Attributes and the Inference of Ability through Social Comparison.- 4. “Can I Do X?”: Using the Proxy Comparison Model to Predict Performance.- 5. Social Comparison and Influence in Groups.- 6. Opinion Comparison: The Role of the Corroborator, Expert, and Proxy in Social Influence.- 7. Self-Evaluation Maintenance and Evolution: Some Speculative Notes.- 8. Individual Differences in Social Comparison.- 9. Among the Better Ones: Upward Assimilation in Social Comparison.- 10. Assimilative and Contrastive Emotional Reactions to Upward and Downward Social Comparisons.- 11. Examining Social Comparisons with the Test Selection Measure: Opportunities for the Researcher and the Research Participant.- 12. Social Comparison: Lessons from Basic Research on Judgment.- 13. Consequences of Social Comparison: Selective Accessibility, Assimilation, and Contrast.- 14. Evaluating Social Comparison Targets.- 15. Social Comparison, Affiliation, and Emotional Contagion under Threat.- III. Related Social Phenomena.- 16. The Projective Perception of the Social World: A Building Block of Social Comparison Processes.- 17. Social Judgment as Implicit Social Comparison.- 18. Comparing Comparisons: An Integrative Perspective on Social Comparison and Counterfactual Thinking.- IV. Applications.- 19. Social Identity and Social Comparison.- 20. Social Comparison and Fairness: A Counterfactual Simulations Perspective.- 21. Social Comparison Processes in Health and Illness.- V. Commentary.- 22. Toward an Enlightenment in Social Comparison Theory:Moving beyond Classic and Renaissance Approaches.