About the Editor ix List of Contributors x Preface xii 1 Characteristics of Crisis Misinformation Messages on Social Media 1 Christopher M. Dobmeier, Jessica A. Zier, and Nathan Walter 2 Social Media Networks, Social Support, and Misinformation During Crisis Situations 16 Kevin B. Wright 3 Emerging Media, Emotions, and Misperceptions in Health Crisis 31 Jiyoung Lee, Sai Datta Mikkilineni, and Eunsung Lee 4 Persuasion, Resistance, and Online Misinformation During Crisis 47 Sarah A. Geegan, Bobi Ivanov, and Kimberly A. Parker 5 Emergent Conceptual Frameworks of Disruption, Character Assassination, and Visual Disinformation in Crisis Communication Research 63 Sergei A. Samoilenko 6 Politicization of Health Issues: Misinformation and Social Media 77 Porismita Borah Copyrighted Material 7 Understanding and Mitigating Vaccine Misinformation on Social Media 90 Tong Lin, Yuan Wang, Kathryn Thier, and Xiaoli Nan 8 The Scope and Effects of Vaccine Misinformation on Social Media 106 Juliana L. Barbati, Kaylin L. Duncan, Kun Yan, Cindy Turner, Ida Tovar, Stephen A. Rains, and Echo L. Warner 9 Misinformation Identification and Correction 122 Rongwei Tang, Caitlin B. Neal, and Emily K. Vraga 10 Message Strategies for Misinformation Correction: Current Research, Challenges, and Opportunities 145 Yan Huang and Weirui Wang 11 Understanding the Role of Attention to Misinformation and Correction Mechanisms on Social Media with Eye- Tracking Technology: Implications for Climate Change Crisis Communication 163 Sojung Claire Kim, Emily K. Vraga, John Cook, and Sydney Carver 12 Inoculation Approaches to Science Misinformation Correction 180 Josh Compton 13 Big Data Approaches to Identifying Crisis Misinformation 196 Haoning Xue and Cuihua (Cindy) Shen Index 215

Exploring the influence misinformation has on public perceptions of the risk and severity of crisis events To what extent can social media networks reduce risks to the public during times of crisis? How do theoretical frameworks help researchers understand the spread of misinformation? Which research tools can identify and track misinformation about crisis events on social media? What approaches may persuade those resistant to changing their perceptions of crisis events? Communication and Misinformation presents cutting-edge research on the development, spread, and impact of online misinformation during crisis events. Edited by a leading scholar in the field, this timely and authoritative volume brings together a team of expert contributors to explore the both the practical aspects and research implications of the public’s reliance on social media to obtain information in times of crisis. Throughout the book, detailed chapters examine the increasingly critical role of risk and health communication, underscore the importance of identifying and analyzing the dissemination and impact of misinformation, provide strategies for correcting misinformation with science-based explanations for causes of crisis events, and more. Addressing multiple contexts and perspectives, including political communication, reputational management, and social network theory, Communication and Misinformation: Crisis Events in the Age of Social Media is an essential resource for advanced undergraduate and graduate students, instructors, scholars, and public- and private-sector professionals in risk and crisis communication, strategic communication, public relations, and media studies.