19th-century menageries reflected a human capacity for fighting, aggression and dominance over nature, and echoed a cultural fascination with war and colonial expansion. Their legacy embedded in society a belief in the human right to exploit other animal species – a belief yet to be defeated.

Acknowledgements
Introduction

1. Ferocious lion acts
2. War with animals
3. Imperial hunting show legends
4. Mobs and hooligans, crowds and fans
Plates
5. Head in the colonial lion’s mouth
6. War arts about elephantine military empires
7. Nature’s beauties and scientific specimen contests

Conclusion
Works cited
Index

Throughout the 19th century animals were integrated into staged scenarios of confrontation, ranging from lion acts in small cages to large-scale re-enactments of war. Initially presenting a handful of exotic animals, travelling menageries grew to contain multiple species in their thousands. These 19th-century menageries entrenched beliefs about the human right to exploit nature through war-like practices against other animal species. Animal shows became a stimulus for antisocial behaviour as locals taunted animals, caused fights, and even turned into violent mobs. Human societal problems were difficult to separate from issues of cruelty to animals.

Apart from reflecting human capacity for fighting and aggression, and the belief in human dominance over nature, these animal performances also echoed cultural fascination with conflict, war and colonial expansion, as the grand spectacles of imperial power reinforced state authority and enhanced public displays of nationhood and nationalistic evocations of colonial empires.

Fighting nature is an insightful analysis of the historical legacy of 19th-century colonialism, war, animal acquisition and transportation. This legacy of entrenched beliefs about the human right to exploit other animal species is yet to be defeated.

"Peta Tait brings to the book an impressive scholarly command of the documentary material, from which she draws a range of vivid examples and revealing analyses of human–animal confrontation in popular entertainments ... The book is written with verve and clarity, and will be of interest to a wide readership in performance studies and cultural history."

Professor Jane R. Goodall, Western Sydney University

Peta Tait FAHA is Professor of Theatre and Drama at La Trobe University and Visiting Professor at the University of Wollongong, and author of Wild and dangerous performances: animals, emotions, circus (2012).