List of Contributors xiii Preface xix 1 An introduction to salt stress perception and toxicity level -Worldwide report at a glanceAtun Roy Choudhury, Neha Singh, Ayushi Gupta and P Sankar Ganesh 1.1 Soil Salinity: An Introduction 1.2 Salt stress perception and current scenario 1.3 Types of salt stress 1.4 Origin of problem 1.5 Salt toxicity level: A worldwide report 1.6 Effect of salt stress on flora and fauna of the ecosystem 1.7 Role in sustainable agriculture 1.8 Unintended effects of salt-containing substance application in agricultural land 1.9 Role of salt toxicity in operation of green revolution 1.10 Reaching the current status and conclusion References 2 Effects of salt stress on physiology of crop plants: At cellular levelVivekanand Tiwari, Abhay Kumar and Pratibha Singh 2.1 Soil salinity and plants 2.2 Crop loss due to salt toxicity- An estimation worldwide 2.3 Effect of salt stress on target and non-target plants and microorganisms 2.4 Effect of salt stress on physiology of crop plants 2.4.1 Effect of salt stress on chlorophyll biosynthesis, chloroplast functioning and photophosphorylation 2.4.1.1 Chlorophyll biosynthesis in salt stress 2.4.1.2 Salt stress affects chloroplast function 2.4.1.3 Photophosphorylation in salt stress 2.4.2 Glycolysis, Kreb’s cycle enzymes, oxidative phosphorylation, and other mitochondrial functioning 2.4.2.1 Glycolytic pathway in salt stress 2.4.2.2 TCA cycle in salt stress 2.4.2.3 Salt stress and oxidative phosphorylation 2.4.3 Peroxisome functioning 2.5 Halophytes and their physiology 2.5.1 Ion homeostasis in a halophyte 2.5.2 Osmotic adjustment 2.5.3 Physiological and metabolic adaptation of halophytes 2.6 Halophytes in agriculture and land management 2.7 Conclusion and future perspectives References 3. Effects of salt stress on biochemistry of crop plantsPoonam Yadav and Durgesh Kumar Jaiswal 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Effects of salt stress on lipid metabolism 3.3 Effects of salt stress on amino acid synthesis and nitrogen metabolism 3.4 Effects of salt stress on protein biosynthesis 3.5 Effect of salt stress on oxidation of membrane proteins 3.6 Effect of salt stress on nucleic acid formation 3.7 Binding to DNA and RNA and formation of cross-links 3.8 Effect of salt stress on dephosphorylation of RNA and DNA 3.9 Future advances and conclusion References 4. Salt ion transporter in crop plant at cellular levelRia Khare, Gurpreet Sandhu, Aruba Khan, Prateek Jain 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Absorption of Na+ from soil and its compartmentalization in plant cells 4.3 Salt ions regulation in plants cells and tissues 4.4 Role of ion channels and salt ion transporter in crop plants at cellular level 4.5 Transport of Na+ through SOS signal transduction pathway: At cellular level 4.6. Role of salt tolerance responsive genes in transport of Na+ and Cl- ions: At cellular level 4.7 Role of ions in salt stress tolerance 4.8 Reaching the current status and conclusion References 5. Salt ion and nutrient interactions in crop plants: Prospective signallingRia Khare and Prateek Jain 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Effects of salt stress on nutrient absorption 5.3 Effects of salt stress on nutrient cycling in crop plants 5.4 Salt ion and nutrient interactions in crop plants 5.5 Effect of salt stress on nutrient transporters 5.5.1 K transporters 5.5.2 N transporters 5.5.3 P transporters 5.5.4 S transporters 5.6 Role of nutrient interactions: Prospective signalling 5.7 Future prospective and conclusion References 6. Effects of salt stress on the morphology, anatomy and gene expression of crop plantsPragati Kumari, Arvind Gupta, Harish Chandra, Pratibha Singh and Saurabh Yadav 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Salt stress and effects on morphology of plants 6.3 Photosynthetic pigments and osmolytes accumulation 6.4 Effect of saline stress on floral organs 6.5 Anatomical features and salt stress 6.6 Yield and related traits 6.7 Salt stress and its effects on Gene expression 6.8 Conclusion References 7. Effect of salt stress on soil chemistry and plant-atmosphere continuum (SPAC)Gunjan Goyal, Aruna Yadav and Gunjan Dubey 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Effect of salt stress on soil component 7.2.1 Effect of salt stress on abiotic component of soil and soil health 7.2.2 Effects of salt stress on biotic component of soil and soil health 7.3 Soil chemistry affecting factors in agricultural land 7.4 Soil salinity effect on crop plants 7.4.1 Germination 7.4.2 Growth 7.4.3 Photosynthesis and photosynthetic pigments 7.4.4 Mineral uptake and assimilation 7.4.5 Oxidative stress 7.4.6 Yield 7.5 An introduction to Soil plant-atmosphere continuum (SPAC) 7.6 Salt absorption by roots tissues and their effect on plant-atmosphere continuum (SPAC) 7.7 Translocation of salt ions in the vascular system of crop plants 7.7.1 Mechanism of sodium influx into cytosol 7.7.2 Mechanism of Na+ compartmentalization in vacuoles 7.7.3 The SOS pathway 7.7.4 Effect of salt stress on Xylem transport 7.7.5 Effect of salt stress on Phloem loading 7.8 Current status and conclusion Acknowledgement References 8 Effects of salt stress on nutrient cycle and uptake of crop plantsLav Kumar Jaiswal, Prabhakar Singh, Rakesh Kumar Singh, Tanamyee Nayak, Ankush Gupta 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Limitation of nutrient cycle and uptake of nutrients 8.2.1 Phosphorus limitation 8.2.2 Nitrogen limitation 8.3 Nutrient cycle or Biogeochemical cycle 8.3.1 Water cycle or Hydrological cycle 8.3.2 Carbon cycle 8.3.3 Nitrogen cycle 8.3.4 Oxygen cycle 8.3.5 Phosphorus cycle 8.3.6 Sulfur cycle 8.3.7 Calcium cycle 8.4 Effect of salt stress on carbon cycle 8.5 Effect of salt stress on oxygen and water cycle 8.5.1 Effect of salt stress on oxygen cycle 8.5.2 Effect of salt stress on water cycle 8.6 Effect of salt stress on nitrogen fixing bacteria and biogeochemical cycle of nitrogen 8.7 Effect of salt stress on phosphorus bacteria and biogeochemical cycle of phosphorus 8.8 Effect of salt stress on sulphur bacteria and biogeochemical cycle of sulphur 8.9 Future prospective and conclusion References 9 Salt induced effects on crop plants and counteract mitigating strategy by antioxidants systemIndrajeet Kumar, Umesh Kumar, Prince Kumar Singh, Rajesh Kumar Sharma 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Formation of salt induced indirect products (oxidative biomarkers) in crops 9.3 Effect of salt stress on crop plants 9.4 Consequences effect of oxidative biomarkers in crop plants 9.4.1 Lipid peroxidation 9.4.2 Effect on Proteins 9.4.3 Effects on Carbohydrates 9.4.4 Effect on polynucleic acids 9.5 Generation of self-defence mitigating strategy in crop plants 9.5.1 Counteract mitigating strategy by enzymatic antioxidants system 9.5.1.1 Superoxide dismutase (SOD) 9.5.1.2 Catalase (CAT) 9.5.1.3 Ascorbate-Glutathione (AsA-GSH) Cycle Enzymes 9.5.1.4 Ascorbate Peroxidases (APX) 9.5.1.5 Monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) 9.5.1.6 Glutathione Reductase (GR) 9.5.1.7 Guaiacol peroxidase (GPOX) 9.5.2 Counteract mitigating strategy by non-enzymatic antioxidants system 9.6 Conclusion and Future prospective References 10 Effects of salt stress on osmolyte metabolism of crop plants and mitigating strategy by osmolyteAbreeq Fatima, Garima Singh, Anuradha Patel, Sanjesh Tiwari, Divya Gupta, Anurag Dubey, Dilip Kumar Prajapati and Sheo Mohan Prasad 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Groups and biosynthetic pathways of osmolytes in crop plant 10.2.1 Polyamines and biosynthetic pathways in the cell organelles of crop plant 10.2.2 Betaeine and their biosynthetic pathways in the cell organelles of crop plant 10.2.3 The biosynthetic pathway of carbohydrate sugar, sugar alcohol and amino acids in the cell organelles of crop plant 10.3 Effect of salt stress on osmolyte production and work action 10.4 The osmotic and ionic adjustment under salt stress; tolerance mechanism 10.5 Conclusion References 11 Salt stress toxicity amelioration by phytohormone, synthetic products and nutrient amendment practicesDivya Gupta, Garima Singh, Sanjesh Tiwari, Anuradha Patel, Abreeq Fatima Anurag Dudey, Neha Naaz, Jitendra Pandey and Sheo Mohan Prasad 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Structure and mechanism of action of phytohormones under salt stress 11.3 Structural, physiological and biochemical nature of phytohormones under salt stress 11.3.1 Abscisic acid (ABA) 11.3.2 Cytokinins (CKs) 11.3.3 Gibberellins (GAs) 11.3.4 Auxins (AUXs) 11.3.5 Brassinosteroids (BRs) 11.3.6 Salicylic acid (SA) 11.3.7 Jasmonic acid (JA) 11.4 Salt stress toxicity amelioration by exogenous / endogenous phytohormones 11.4.1 Auxin 11.4.2 Gibberellins 11.4.3 Cytokinin 11.4.4 Brassinosteroids 11.4.5 Salicylic acid 11.5 Salt toxicity amelioration by exogenous synthetic products 11.6 Salt toxicity amelioration by exogenous nutrient amendment practices 11.7 Future prospective and conclusion References 12 Crop plants develop extracellular signalling products against salt stressSantwana Tiwari, Nidhi Verma, Shikha Singh, Shivam Gupta, Jitendra Pandey and Sheo Mohan Prasad 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Site of synthesis of extracellular signaling products 12.3 Release of extracellular products by cells of cyanobacteria, algae and crop plant under salt stress: antioxidants, enzymes and proteins 12.3.1 Antioxidants 12.3.2 Enzymes 12.3.3 Proteins 12.4 Release of extracellular products by cells of cyanobacteria, algae and crop plants under salt stress: amino acids, osmolytes, nitrogen, nitric oxide, ammonia 12.4.1 Amino acids 12.4.2 Osmolytes 12.4.3 Nitrogen and its derivatives 12.5 Release of extracellular products by cells of cyanobacteria and crop plants under salt stress: phytols, sterols, terpenoid, fatty acids, phenols 12.5.1 Phenols 12.5.2 Terpenoids 12.5.3 Phytols 12.5.4 Sterols 12.5.5 Fatty Acids 12.6 Release of extracellular products by cells of cyanobacteria and crop plants under salt stress: Photoprotective compounds, polysaccharides, halogenated compounds and phytohormones 12.6.1 Photoprotective compounds 12.6.2 Polysaccharides and halogenated compounds 12.7 Uncovering potential and applications of extracellular signaling products in biology, agriculture and medicine 12.8 Current status and future prospects References

Discover how soil salinity affects plants and other organisms and the techniques used to remedy the issue In Physiology of Salt Stress in Plants, an editorial team of internationally renowned researchers delivers an extensive exploration of the problem of soil salinity in modern agricultural practices. It also discusses the social and environmental issues caused by salt stress. The book covers the impact of salt on soil microorganisms, crops, and other plants, and presents that information alongside examinations of salt’s effects on other organisms, including aquatic fauna, terrestrial animals, and human beings. Physiology of Salt Stress in Plants describes the morphological, anatomical, physiological, and biochemical dimensions of increasing soil salinity. It also discusses potential remedies and encourages further thought and exploration of this issue. Readers are encouraged to consider less hazardous fertilizers and pesticides, to use safer doses, and to explore and work upon salt resistant varieties of plants. Readers will also benefit from the inclusion of: Thorough introductions to salt stress perception and toxicity levels and the effects of salt stress on the physiology of crop plants at a cellular levelExplorations of the effects of salt stress on the biochemistry of crop plants and salt ion transporters in crop plants at a cellular levelPractical discussions of salt ion and nutrient interactions in crop plants, including prospective signalling, and the effects of salt stress on the morphology, anatomy, and gene expression of crop plantsAn examination of salt stress on soil chemistry and the plant-atmosphere continuum Perfect for researchers, academics, and students working and studying in the fields of agriculture, botany, entomology, biotechnology, soil science, and plant physiology, Physiology of Salt Stress in Plants will also earn a place on the bookshelves of agronomists, crop scientists, and plant biochemists.