Introduction Jürgen Renn; Part I. The Context of the Practitioners: Mechanics and its New Objects: 1. Galileo engineer: art and modern science Wolfgang Lefèvre; 2. Hunting the white elephant: when and how did Galileo discover the Law of Fall? Jürgen Renn, Peter Damerow and Simone Rieger; Part II. The Context of the Artists: Astronomy and its New Representations: 3. Gazing hands and blind spots: Galileo as draftsman Horst Bredekamp; 4. The virgin and the telescope: the moons of Cigoli and Galileo Sara Booth and Albert van Helden; Part III. The Contexts of the Church, Patrons and Colleagues: New Science and Traditional Power Structures: 5. Recent narratives on Galileo and the church: or the three dogmas of the Counter-Reformation Rivka Feldhay; 6. Gassendi and l'Affaire Galilée of the Laws of Motion Paolo Galluzzi; 7. Replication or monopoly? The economies of invention and discovery in Galileo's observations of 1610 Mario Biagioli; Appendix: A forgotten controversy: Introductory note Jürgen Renn; Raffaello Caverni and his History of the Experimental Method in Italy Giuseppe Castagnetti and Michele Camerota; An excerpt from History of the Experimental Method in Italy Raffaello Caverni; Antonio Favaro and the Edizione Nazionale of Galileo's Works Giuseppe Castagnetti and Michele Camerota; Apocryphal Galilean writings Antonio Favaro; Emil Wohlwill, Galileo and His Battle for the Copernican System Hans-Werner Schütt; The discovery of the parabolic shape of the projectile trajectory Emil Wohlwill.