American universities today serve as economic engines, performing the scientific research that will create new industries, drive economic growth, and keep the United States globally competitive. But only a few decades ago, these same universities self-consciously held themselves apart from the world of commerce. Creating the Market University is th

Acknowledgments ix Chapter 1: Academic Science as an Economic Engine 1 The Changing Nature of Academic Science 4 Studying the Changes in Academic Science 8 Explaining the Rise of Market Logic in Academic Science 12 Overview of the Book 17 Chapter 2: Market Logic in the Era of Pure Science 19 Federal Funding and the Support of Science Logic 21 Using Market Logic in the 1950s and 1960s 23 Limits to the Spread of Market Logic 29 The Pillars of the Postwar System Begin to Crumble 35 The Effects of the Dissolving Federal Consensus 37 Chapter 3: Innovation Drives the Economy-an Old Idea with New Implications 40 Market-Logic Practices of the 1970s and Their Limits 42 The Political Power of an Economic Idea 44 The Innovation Frame and the University 55 Chapter 4: Faculty Entrepreneurship in the Biosciences 58 Before Biotech 60 Early Entrepreneurship 63 1978: A Turning Point 69 Academic Entrepreneurship: Money Changes Everything 76 Why Did Bioscience Entrepreneurship Take Off? 87 Chapter 5: Patenting University Inventions 94 University Patenting during the Science-Logic Era 96 Barriers to the Expansion of University Patenting 104 Innovation, the Economy, and Government Patent Policy 106 University Patenting after 1980 111 Why Did University Patenting Take Off? 114 Chapter 6: Creating University-Industry Research Centers 119 UIRCs versus Biotech Entrepreneurship and University Patenting 119 The Trajectory of University-Industry Research Centers 122 The Emergence of Federal and State Support for UIRCs 131 The Expansion of State and Federal Support for UIRCs in the 1980s 139 Why Did University-Industry Research Centers Spread? 141 Chapter 7: The Spread of Market Logic 146 The Expansion of Biotech Entrepreneurship, Patenting, and UIRCs 147 Market Logic Elsewhere in Academic Science 149 University Administrators and the Rhetoric of Innovation 154 Science Logic and Market Logic: An Uneasy Coexistence 156 Chapter 8: Conclusion 158 How Academic Science Became an Economic Engine:Considering the Evidence 159 Reconsidering Alternative Arguments 162 Speaking to Larger Conversations 167 Notes 179 Bibliography 221 Index 261

"Many scholars have opined about the new entrepreneurial university, but few have carefully and analytically explored its historical origins. Elizabeth Popp Berman masterfully charts the roads traveled from the ivory tower to the market, and brilliantly illuminates how political choices and financial forces shaped the process that now celebrates universities as engines of economic development."—Walter W. Powell, Stanford University"Much of the scholarship on university-industry relations, or more broadly the commercialization of the university, is ahistorical. Creating the Market University not only shows variations across time in the array of university-industry relations experimented with, but it makes a nuanced historical argument to explain their success in the 1980s. Sound and exciting, this book is a pleasure to read."—Daniel Kleinman, University of Wisconsin—Madison"Extending arguments and evidence in economics, sociology, education, management, and technology policy, Creating the Market University provides a sophisticated and compelling account of how academic scientists, and the universities within which they are embedded, increasingly embraced a market logic that valorizes patenting and technology commercialization. Elizabeth Popp Berman demonstrates the importance of understanding how scientific and technological innovation at universities serves as an engine of economic growth."—Michael Lounsbury, University of Alberta