Preface xvii 1 Green Sustainability, Nanotechnology and Advanced Materials – A Critical Overview and a Vision for the Future 1Sukanchan Palit and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 The Aim and Objective of This Study 2 1.3 The Need and the Rationale of This Study 3 1.4 Environmental and Green Sustainability 3 1.5 The Scientific Doctrine of Green Sustainability and Green Engineering 4 1.6 Scientific Vision and Scientific Doctrine of Nanotechnology 5 1.7 What Do You Mean by Advanced Materials? 5 1.8 The World of Advanced Materials Today 6 1.9 Recent Scientific Endeavour in the Field of Green Sustainability 6 1.10 The Challenges and Vision of Research Pursuit in Nanotechnology Today 10 1.11 Technological Vision and the Scientific Endeavour in Advanced Materials 11 1.12 The Vision of Energy and Environmental Sustainability 12 1.13 Global Water Shortage and the Challenges of Research and Development Initiatives 13 1.14 Heavy Metal and Arsenic Groundwater Remediation 14 1.15 Water Purification Technologies and the World of Environmental Sustainability 15 1.16 Future Frontiers and Future Flow of Scientific Thoughts 16 1.17 Future Research Trends in Sustainability and Nanotechnology Applications 16 1.18 Summary, Conclusion and Scientific Perspectives 17 References 17 2 Valorization of Green and Sustainable Advanced Materials from a Biomed Perspective – Potential Applications 19Muhammad Bilal, Tahir Rasheed, Abaid Ullah and Hafiz M. N. Iqbal 2.1 Introduction 20 2.2 Multi-Functional Characteristics of Green and Sustainable Materials – Smart Polymers 20 2.3 Biomedical Potentialities of Biopolymers and/or Biopolymers-Based Constructs 24 2.4 Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles – Biomedical Applications 25 2.5 BioMOFs: Metal–Organic Frameworks 28 2.6 Bioinspired MOFs – Biomedical Application and Prospects 29 2.7 Drug Delivery Perspectives of MOFs 31 2.8 MOF in Enantioseparation of Drug Racemates 31 2.9 Porous Covalent Organic Cages as Bio-Inspired Materials 33 2.10 pH-Responsive Hydrogels for Drug Delivery Applications 34 2.11 Concluding Remarks 35 Conflict of Interest 38 Acknowledgements 38 References 38 3 Applications of Textile Materials Using Emerging Sources and Technology: A New Perspective 49Pintu Pandit, Saptarshi Maiti, Gayatri T.N. and Aranya Mallick 3.1 Introduction 50 3.2 Synthesis, Forms, Properties and Applications of Graphene 52 3.2.1 Structure and Forms of Graphene 52 3.2.2 Synthesis and Production Methods of Graphene 53 3.2.3 Properties of Graphene 54 3.2.4 Applications of Graphene 55 3.2.4.1 Application of Graphene in Energy Storage, Optoelectronics, and Photovoltaic Cell 55 3.2.4.2 Application of Graphene in Ultrafiltration and Bioengineering 57 3.2.4.3 Application of Graphene in Textile Materials and Composites 57 3.3 Essential Role for Nanomaterials in Textiles 59 3.3.1 Developing and Processing Nanoengineered Textiles 60 3.3.2 Nanofiber Application Driven by Function-of-Form Paradigm 63 3.4 Types, Synthesis and Application of Dendrimers 65 3.4.1 Types of Dendrimers 66 3.4.2 Synthesis of Dendrimers (Divergent and Convergent Method) 67 3.4.3 Application of Dendrimers in Chemical Processing of Textile Materials 68 3.4.4 Application of Dendrimers in Medical Textiles 69 3.4.5 Application of Dendrimers in Effluent Treatment 70 3.5 Application of Plasma Technology in Textile Materials 71 3.6 Synthesis and Applications of Biopolymer-Based Absorbents 74 3.7 Conclusion 77 References 78 4 Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials: Applications and Environmental Issues 85Pooja Thakur, Kamal Kumar Bhardwaj and Reena Gupta 4.1 Introduction 86 4.2 NPs and Nanodevices 87 4.3 Types of NPs 88 4.3.1 Carbon Based NPs 89 4.3.1.1 Fullerenes 89 4.3.1.2 Carbon Nanotubes 90 4.3.1.3 Graphene Nanofoils 90 4.3.1.4 Carbon Nanofibres 91 4.3.1.5 Carbon Black 91 4.3.1.6 Carbon Nanofoams 92 4.3.2 Inorganic NPs 92 4.3.2.1 Metals 92 4.3.2.2 Metal Oxides 92 4.3.2.3 Quantum Dots 93 4.3.3 Organic NPs 94 4.3.3.1 Organic Polymers 94 4.3.3.2 Biologically Inspired NPs 94 4.4 Applications of NPs 94 4.4.1 Applications of Nanotechnology by Sectors of Activity 94 4.4.2 Nanotechnology Applications by NP Type 95 4.5 Environmental Impacts of Nanotechnology and its Products 95 4.5.1 Potential Environmental Effects 100 4.5.2 Fate of NPs in the Environment 101 4.5.3 Positive Effects on Environment 104 4.5.4 Negative Effects on Environment 105 4.6 Conclusion 106 Acknowledgements 106 Conflict of Interests 107 References 107 5 Chitosan in Water Purification Technology 111Ajith James Jose, Ann Mary Jacob, Manjusha K. C. and Jincymol Kappen 5.1 Introduction 111 5.2 Chitosan 112 5.3 Chitosan in Waste Water Treatment 115 5.3.1 Treatment of Agricultural Waste Water 115 5.3.2 Treatment of Textile Effluents 116 5.3.3 Household Drinking Water Treatment 117 5.4 Mechanism Behind the Waste Water Treatment by Chitosan 118 5.4.1 Removal of Heavy Metals 118 5.4.2 Removal of Bacteria 120 5.5 Conclusion 121 References 121 6 Green and Sustainable Advanced Materials – Environmental Applications 125Swapnil Sharma, Vivek Dave, Kanika Verma and Jaya Dwivedi 6.1 Introduction 125 6.2 Application of Advanced Green Sustainable Materials in Sensing and Removal of Water Toxicants 126 6.2.1 Materials Used for Sensing and Removal of Dyes and Heavy Metals from Water 126 6.2.1.1 Dyes 126 6.2.1.2 Heavy Metal 127 6.2.1.3 Removal of Heavy Metal and Dye from Naturally Derived Bio-Sorbents 134 6.2.2 Removal of Microbial Pathogen from Water 137 6.2.3 Removal of Radioactive Pollutants from Water 146 6.3 Removal of Contaminants from Air 147 6.4 Application of Sustainable Material in Soil Remediation 148 Acknowledgement 149 References 149 7 Green and Sustainable Copper-Based Nanomaterials – An Environmental Perspective 159Santosh Bahadur Singh 7.1 Introduction 160 7.2 Copper-Based Nanomaterials and its Sustainability 162 7.2.1 Metallic Copper Nanoparticles (Cu-NPs) 162 7.2.2 Copper Oxide (CuO)-Based NPs 163 7.2.3 Supported Copper Nanomaterials 164 7.2.4 Growth Mechanism of Copper Nanomaterials 165 7.3 Copper-Based Nanomaterials in Catalysis: As a Tool for Environmental Cleaning 165 7.4 Copper-Based Nanomaterials in Environmental Remediation 166 7.5 Environmental Perspective of Copper Nanomaterials 169 7.6 Concluding Remarks 170 References 170 8 An Excellence Method on Starch-Based Materials: A Promising Stage for Environmental Application 177Tanvir Arfin and Kamini Sonawane 8.1 History 177 8.2 Sources 178 8.2.1 Tubers or Roots 178 8.2.2 Corn 178 8.3 Physiochemical Properties 178 8.3.1 Characteristics of Starch Granules 178 8.3.2 Glass Transition Temperature and Birefringence 180 8.3.3 Solubility and Swelling Capacity 181 8.3.4 Retrogradation and Gelatinization 181 8.3.5 Thermal and Rheological Properties 181 8.4 Starch Gelatinization Measurement 182 8.5 Processing of Starch 182 8.5.1 Surface Hydrolysis 182 8.5.2 Native Digestion 183 8.5.3 Hydrothermal Modification 183 8.6 Thermoplastic Starch 184 8.7 Resistant Starch 184 8.8 Starch Nanocrystals 184 8.9 Ionic Liquid 185 8.10 Enzyme Selection 185 8.11 Packing Configuration 186 8.12 Chemical Modification 186 8.12.1 Cross-Linking 188 8.12.2 Starch-Graft Copolymer 188 8.12.2.1 Graft with Vinyl Monomers 189 8.12.2.2 Graft with other Monomers 189 8.12.3 Esterification 190 8.12.3.1 Inorganic Starch Esters 190 8.12.3.2 Organic Starch Esters 190 8.12.4 Etherification 190 8.12.5 Dual Modification 191 8.12.6 Other Chemical Modification 191 8.12.6.1 Oxidation 192 8.12.6.2 Acid Modification 192 8.13 Starch-Based Materials 194 8.13.1 PLA Starch 194 8.13.2 Starch Alginate 194 8.13.3 PCL Starch 194 8.13.4 Chitosan Starch 195 8.13.5 Starch Clay 195 8.13.6 Starch and DMAEMA 196 8.13.7 Plasticized Starch(PLS)/Poly(Butylene Succinate Co-Butylene Adipate (PBSA) 196 8.13.8 Gelatin–OSA Starch 197 8.13.9 Chitin and Starch 197 8.13.10 Cashew Nut Shell (CNS) and Chitosan 197 8.14 Applications 198 8.14.1 Wound Dressing 198 8.14.2 Biomedical 198 8.14.3 Nanomaterial 199 8.14.4 Cancer 199 8.14.5 Starch Film 200 8.14.6 Gene Delivery 200 8.14.7 Transdermal Delivery 200 8.14.8 Resistive Switch Memory 201 8.14.9 Oral Drug Delivery 201 8.14.10 Waste Water Treatment 202 8.14.11 Heavy Metal Removal 202 8.14.12 Dry Removal 204 Acknowledgement 205 References 205 9 Synthesized Cu2Zn1-xCdxSnS4 Quinternary Alloys Nanostructures for Optoelectronic Applications 209Y. Al-Douri and A. S. Ibraheam 9.1 Introduction 210 9.2 Experimental Process 211 9.3 Results and Discussion 213 9.4 Conclusions 219 References 221 10 Biochar Supercapacitors: Recent Developments in the Materials and Methods 223S. Vivekanandhan 10.1 Introduction 224 10.1.1 Physicochemical Characteristics of Biochar 224 10.1.2 Traditional Uses of Biochar 225 10.1.2.1 Combustible Fuel 225 10.1.2.2 Soil Amendment 226 10.1.2.3 Carbon Sequestration 226 10.1.3 Biochar in Sustainable Bioeconomy 227 10.1.4 Value Added Utilization of Biochar 228 10.1.4.1 Catalysis 228 10.1.4.2 Polymer Composites 229 10.1.4.3 Environmental Remediation 229 10.1.4.4 Energy Storage and Conversion 230 10.2 Biochar Supercapacitors 230 10.2.1 Biochar Based Supercapacitor 231 10.2.1.1 Agricultural Residues 231 10.2.1.2 Industrial Crops 231 10.2.1.3 Industrial Co- Products and By-Products 232 10.2.1.4 Wood Biomasses 233 10.2.2 Capacitive Mechanism for Biochar 235 10.3 Biochar Modification Techniques for Capacitive Applications 237 10.3.1 Activation 237 10.3.1.1 Physical Techniques 237 10.3.1.2 Chemical Techniques 238 10.3.2 Metal, Metal Oxide and Metal Hydroxide Loading 239 10.3.3 Nitrogen and Sulphur Doping 240 10.4 Biochar Based Composite Materials for Supercapacitors Application 242 10.5 Conclusions 243 Acknowledgements 244 References 244 11 Nature and Technoenergy 251Smita Kapoor, Akshita Mehta and Reena Gupta 11.1 Introduction 251 11.2 Concept of Sustainability 253 11.3 Materials Science and Energy 254 11.4 Green and Advanced Materials 256 11.5 Emerging Natural and Nature-Inspired Materials 261 11.6 Substrates and Encapsulates for Biodegradable and Biocompatible Electronics 262 11.7 Semi-Natural/Semi-Synthetic Substrates: Paper 262 11.8 Applications of Advanced Materials for Energy Applications 267 11.8.1 Optical Materials for Energy Applications 267 11.8.2 Lithium Ion Batteries 269 11.8.3 Polymer Solar Cells 270 11.8.4 Nanomaterials for Energy Application 272 11.8.5 Electrochemical Capacitor 273 11.8.6 Polymer Sulfur Composite Cathode Material 273 11.9 Conclusion 274 References 274 12 Biomedical Applications of Synthetic and Natural Biodegradable Polymers 281Manpreet Kaur, Akshita Mehta and Reena Gupta 12.1 Introduction 282 12.2 Desired Properties of Polymers for Biomedical Applications 285 12.2.1 Super Hydrophobicity 285 12.2.2 Adhesion 286 12.2.3 Self-Healing 286 12.3 Natural Polymers 286 12.3.1 Collagen as a Biopolymer 287 12.3.2 Applications of Collagen 289 12.3.2.1 Collagen in Ophthalmology 289 12.3.2.2 Collagen in Wound and Burn Dressing 294 12.3.2.3 Collagen in Tissue Engineering 295 12.3.3 Chitin and Chitosan as Biopolymers 297 12.3.4 Applications of Chitin and Chitosan 298 12.3.4.1 Chitosan in Ophthalmology 298 12.3.4.2 Chitin- and Chitosan-Based Dressings 298 12.3.4.3 Chitosan in Drug-Delivery Systems 299 12.4 Synthetic Polymers 301 12.4.1 Polyolefins 301 12.4.2 Poly (Tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) 301 12.4.3 Poly (Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) 301 12.4.4 Silicone 302 12.4.5 Methacrylates 302 12.4.6 Polyesters 303 12.4.7 Polyethers 303 12.4.8 Polyamides 303 12.4.9 Polyurethanes 304 12.5 Conclusion 305 Acknowledgements 305 Conflicts of Interests 305 References 305 13 Efficiency of Transition Metals at Nanoscale - as Heterogeneous Catalysts 311Heeralaxmi Jadon, Sushma Neeraj and Mohammad Kuddus 13.1 Introduction 312 13.2 Mechanism of Heterogeneous Catalyst 313 13.3 Kinetics of Heterogeneous Catalyst 315 13.4 Transition Metals 316 13.4.1 Common Properties of Transition Metals 316 13.5 Individual Properties of Different Transition Metals 319 13.5.1 Scandium (Sc) 319 13.5.2 Titanium (Ti) 320 13.5.3 Vanadium (V) 320 13.5.4 Chromium (Cr) 320 13.5.5 Manganese (Mn) 320 13.5.6 Iron (Fe) 320 13.5.7 Cobalt (Co) 321 13.5.8 Nickel (Ni) 321 13.5.9 Copper (Cu) 321 13.5.10 Zinc (Zn) 321 13.5.11 Yttrium (Y) 322 13.5.12 Zirconium (Zr) 322 13.5.13 Niobium (Nb) 322 13.5.14 Molybdenum (Mo) 323 13.5.15 Technetium (Tc) 323 13.5.16 Rhodium (Rh) 323 13.5.17 Palladium (Pd) 323 13.5.18 Silver (Ag) 324 13.5.19 Cadmium (Cd) 324 13.5.20 Lanthanum (La) 324 13.5.21 Hafnium (Hf) 325 13.5.22 Tantalum (Ta) 325 13.5.23 Tungsten (W) 325 13.5.24 Rhenium (Re) 325 13.5.25 Osmium (Os) 326 13.5.26 Iridium (Ir) 326 13.5.27 Platinum (Pt) 326 13.5.28 Gold (Au) 326 13.5.29 Mercury (Hg) 327 13.5.30 Actinium (Ac) 327 13.5.31 Rutherfordium (Rf) 327 13.5.32 Dubnium (Db) 327 13.5.33 Seaborgium (Sg) 327 13.5.34 Bohrium (Bh) 328 13.5.35 Hassium (Hs) 328 13.5.36 Meitnerium (Mt) 328 13.5.37 Roentgenium (Rg) 328 13.5.38 Copernicium (Cn) 329 13.6 Ability of Transitional Metals for Good Catalysts 329 13.7 Advantages of Catalyst at Nanoscale 330 13.8 Conclusion 337 References 337 14 Applications of Nanomaterials in Agriculture and Food Industry 343Ashitha Jose and Radhakrishnan E.K 14.1 Introduction 344 14.2 Nanotechnology and Agriculture 346 14.2.1 Precision Farming and Nanotechnology 348 14.2.2 Control Release Formulations 349 14.2.3 Nanoagrochemicals 349 14.2.4 Nanopesticides 352 14.2.5 Nanofungicides 353 14.2.6 Nanofertilizers 354 14.3 Nanotechnology in the Food Industry 357 14.3.1 Food Packaging 359 14.3.2 Biodegradable Packaging 361 14.3.3 Antimicrobial Packaging 361 14.3.4 Antimicrobial Sachets 366 14.3.5 Nanocomposites and Bioactive Compounds 366 14.3.6 Nanosensors 367 14.3.7 Detection of Microorganisms 368 14.3.8 Smart Packaging 368 14.4 Toxicity Concerns Involved with Nanotechnology 368 References 369 Index 377

This book is industry-oriented and shows current challenges for scaling up green and sustainable advanced materials design and manufacturing technology. Green and sustainable advanced materials are the newly synthesized material having superior and special properties. These fulfil today's growing demand for equipment, machines and devices with better quality for an extensive range of applications in various sectors such as paper, biomedical, food, construction, textile, and many more. The objective of this two-volume set is to provide an overview of new developments and state-of-the-art for a variety of green and sustainable advanced materials. It incorporates in-depth technical information without compromising the delicate link between factual data and fundamental concepts or between theory and practice. In the second volume, the first chapter presents a critical review of green sustainability, nanotechnology and advanced materials and provides a vision for the future. Valorization of green and sustainable advanced materials from a biomedical perspective and their potential applications are detailed in the next chapters. Applications of green and sustainable advanced materials in textile technology and environmental protection are described in a very comprehensive manner in the next batch of chapters. Synthesized nanostructures alloys for optoelectronic, biochar-supercapacitors, biomedical from synthetic and natural green and sustainable advanced materials are then covered. Efficiency of transition metals at the nanoscale as heterogeneous catalysts and emerging applications of green and sustainable advanced materials in agriculture and food industry take center stage in final two of chapters. Audience The 2-volume set will be of significant interest to materials scientists, chemists, pharmacists, biologists, biotechnologists and chemical engineers who are involved in the future frontiers of advanced materials, polymer and ceramic sciences & technology. The books will also appeal to advanced undergraduate and graduate students who will find a useful source of knowledge for their studies