1 Graphene-Based Nanomembranes for Sustainable Water Purification Applications 1Uluvangada T. Uthappa, Dusan Losic, and Mahaveer D. Kurkuri 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Graphene and GO-Based Membrane Characteristics and Properties 2 1.3 Fabrication of Graphene-Based Nanomembranes for Water Treatment Applications 4 1.3.1 Desalination 4 1.3.2 Treatment for Dyes 5 1.3.3 Graphene Nanomembranes for Salt and Dye Rejection 5 1.3.4 Translation of Graphene Nanomembranes for Real Applications 23 1.4 Graphene Nanomembranes for Heavy Metals Treatment 24 1.4.1 Heavy Metals 24 1.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 25 Acknowledgments 26 Important Websites 26 References 26 2 Magnetic Graphene Oxide and Its Composite Nanomaterials: Application in Environmental Decontamination 33Karan Chaudhary and Dhanraj T. Masram 2.1 Introduction 33 2.2 Synthesis of Magnetic Graphene Oxide and Its Composite Nanomaterials 35 2.3 Application of Magnetic Graphene Oxide and Its Composite Nanomaterials 36 2.3.1 Removal of Toxic Metal Contaminants 36 2.3.2 Removal of Toxic Organic Contaminants 41 2.3.3 Removal of Other Contaminants 45 2.4 Conclusion 46 Further Reading 46 References 47 3 Biomass- or Biowaste-Derived Carbon Nanoparticles as Promising Materials for Electrochemical Sensing ApplicationsAnila R. Cherian, Vinay S. Bhat, Anitha Varghese, and Gurumurthy Hegde 3.1 Introduction 53 3.2 Electrochemical Sensors 54 3.3 The Choice of Electrode Materials 54 3.4 Biomass-Derived Porous Carbons 56 3.4.1 Synthesis 56 3.4.1.1 Hydrothermal Carbonization (HTC) 56 3.4.1.2 Pyrolysis 58 3.4.2 Structure and Properties 58 3.5 Biomass-Derived Carbons in Electrochemical Sensing 61 3.5.1 H2O2 Sensing from Okra-Derived Carbons 61 3.5.2 Acetaminophen (AC) Detection by Seaweed-Derived Carbons 62 3.5.3 4-Nitrophenol Detection from Mango Leave-Derived Carbons 65 3.5.4 Bisphenol-A (BPA) Detection Using Bamboo Fungi-Derived Carbon 67 3.5.5 Nitrite Ion Detection by Areca Nut-Derived Carbons 69 3.5.6 Catechin Sensing Using Bougainvillea spectabilis-Derived Carbons 72 3.5.7 Progesterone Sensing by Onion Peel-Derived Carbons 73 3.5.8 Butein Detection from Oil Palm Leave-Derived Carbons 75 3.6 Conclusion and Future Perspective 79 Acknowledgment 79 Website Links 80 References 80 4 Applications of Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Wastewater Treatment 87Ramesh K. Guduru, Anurag A. Gupta, Parwathi Pillai, and Swapnil Dharaskar 4.1 Introduction 87 4.2 Wastewater 88 4.3 Wastewater Treatment Methods 89 4.4 Nanomaterials 90 4.5 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials 92 4.6 Adsorption Mechanisms of CNTs and Graphene 93 4.6.1 Adsorption Through Physical and Chemical Methods 93 4.6.2 Adsorption Through Biological Methods 114 4.6.3 Adsorption Using Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) 114 4.6.4 CNT- and Graphene-Based Composite Adsorbents 114 4.7 Membrane-Based Filtration of Contaminants Using CNTs and Graphene-Based Materials 115 4.8 Use of CNTs and Derivative Materials as Disinfecting Agents for Water Purification 121 4.9 Commercial Use of CNMs in Wastewater Treatment 122 4.10 Conclusions 122 Recommendations 123 References 123 5 Electrochemical Determination of Indigotine Based on Poly(Gibberellic Acid)-Modified Carbon Nanotube Paste Electrode 135Girish Tigari, Jamballi G. Manjunatha, and Chenthattil Raril 5.1 Introduction 135 5.2 Experimental 136 5.2.1 Chemicals 136 5.2.2 Bare Carbon Nanotube Paste Electrode (BCNTPE) Preparation 136 5.3 Results and Discussion 136 5.3.1 Electropolymerization of BCNTPE with GA 136 5.3.2 FE-SEM Characterization of BCNTPE and PGAMCNTPE 137 5.3.3 EIS Characterization for PGAMCNTPE and BCNTPE 137 5.3.4 CV Behavior of IT at PGAMCNTPE and BCNTPE 137 5.3.5 Variation of IT Behavior at Different pHs 137 5.3.6 Effect of Voltage Sweep Rate 139 5.3.7 Calibration Curve 140 5.3.8 Reproducible and Stable Sensor 141 5.3.9 Interference Analysis 141 5.3.10 Water Sample Analysis 141 5.4 Conclusion 142 Acknowledgment 143 Important Websites for Reference 143 References 143 6 Toxicity of Carbon Nanomaterials 147Arpita Adhikari and Joydip Sengupta 6.1 Introduction 147 6.2 Carbon Nanomaterials 149 6.2.1 Fullerene 149 6.2.2 Carbon Nanotube 149 6.2.3 Graphene and Graphene Derivatives 149 6.3 Nanotoxicology and Resulting Cytotoxicity or Cellular Toxicity 151 6.4 Assessment of Nanocytotoxicity 155 6.4.1 Respiratory or Pulmonary Toxicity 155 6.4.2 Dermal or Skin Toxicity 157 6.4.3 Cardiovascular Toxicity 158 6.4.4 Reproductive and Developmental Toxicity 158 6.4.5 Hepatotoxicity or Liver Toxicity 159 6.4.6 Ocular Toxicity 160 6.5 Conclusions 160 Important Websites 161 References 161 7 Fundamentals of Functionalized Carbon Nanomaterials (CNMs) for Environmental Devices and Techniques 173Kiran Soni and Rekha Yadav 7.1 Introduction 173 7.2 Synthesis 174 7.2.1 Carbon Nanotubes 174 7.2.2 Graphene 175 7.2.3 Fullerenes 176 7.2.4 Carbon Nanocones 176 7.2.5 Functionalization of Nanomaterials 176 7.3 Applications 177 7.3.1 Nanowires 177 7.3.1.1 Carbon Nanotube as Environmental Sensor 177 7.3.1.2 Carbon Nanotubes in Wastewater Treatment 178 7.3.1.3 Carbon Nanotubes in Green Nanocomposite Design 179 7.3.1.4 CNT as Biological Sensor 179 7.3.1.5 CNT as Filler 180 7.3.2 Graphene 181 7.3.2.1 Graphene as Environmental Sensors 182 7.3.2.2 Graphene in Wastewater Treatment 183 7.3.2.3 Graphene as Biological Sensors 185 7.3.2.4 Graphene for Removing Organic Pollutants 186 7.3.3 Fullerenes 188 7.3.3.1 Fullerene as Environmental Sensor 188 7.3.3.2 Fullerene in Wastewater Treatment 188 7.3.3.3 Fullerene as Biological Sensor 188 7.3.3.4 Fullerene in Agriculture 189 7.3.4 Carbon Nanocones 189 7.3.4.1 Carbon Nanocones as Environmental Sensors 189 7.4 Conclusion 190 Useful Links 190 References 190 8 Fundamental of Functionalized Carbon Nanomaterials for Environmental Devices and Techniques 197Baskaran Ganesh Kumar, P. PonSathieshkumar, and K.S. Prakash 8.1 Introduction 197 8.2 Results and Discussion 199 8.2.1 What Are Carbon Nanomaterials? 199 8.2.1.1 Fullerene 199 8.2.1.2 Carbon Nanotubes 199 8.2.1.3 Graphene 200 8.2.2 Functionalization of CNMs 200 8.2.2.1 Need for Functionalization 200 8.2.2.2 Covalent Functionalization 201 8.2.2.3 Non-covalent Functionalization 208 8.2.3 CNMs for Environment Devices 209 8.2.3.1 Solar Cell 213 8.2.3.2 Gas Sensors by Functionalized CNMs 214 8.2.3.3 Humidity Sensors by Functionalized CNMs 215 8.2.3.4 LEDs by Functionalized CNMs 215 8.2.3.5 Metal Absorption by Functionalized CNMs 216 8.2.3.6 Water Purification by Functionalized CNMs 217 8.3 Conclusion, Challenges, and Future Prospects 218 Acknowledgments 218 Related Web Links 219 References 219 9 Functionalized Magnetic Carbon Nanomaterials for Environmental Remediation 227Ambika and Pradeep Pratap Singh 9.1 Introduction 227 9.2 Types of Carbon-Based Magnetic Nanocomposites Used in Pollutants Removal from Environment 228 9.2.1 Carbon Nanotubes Based Magnetic Nanocomposites 228 9.2.2 Graphene and Its Derivative Based Magnetic Nanocomposites 228 9.2.3 Fullerenes Based Magnetic Nanocomposites 229 9.2.4 Nanodiamond-Filled Magnetic Nanocomposites 229 9.2.5 Graphitic Carbon Nitride Based Magnetic Nanocomposites 229 9.3 Different Processing Methods for Magnetic Carbon-Based Nanocomposites 229 9.3.1 Melt Blending 229 9.3.2 Hydrothermal Method 230 9.3.3 Co-Precipitation Method 230 9.3.4 In Situ Polymerization 230 9.3.5 Sol–Gel Method 231 9.4 Applications of Magnetic Carbon-Based Nanocomposites 231 9.4.1 Adsorption of Heavy Metals 231 9.4.2 Adsorption of Organic Dye 234 9.4.3 Other Organic Pollutants 236 9.5 Future Prospects 237 9.6 Conclusions 238 Important Websites 238 References 238 10 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes for Ammonia Sensors 251Rakshith K. Srinivasreddy and Ravi-Kumar Kadeppagari 10.1 Introduction 251 10.2 Ammonia Sensors 251 10.3 Types and Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes 253 10.4 Carbon Nanotube-Based Ammonia Sensors 254 10.5 Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes 257 10.6 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes for Ammonia Sensors 258 10.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 259 Acknowledgments 259 Websites 259 References 259 11 Functionalized Carbon Nano Lab-on-a-Chip Devices for Environment 265RaviPrakash Magisetty, Naga Srilatha Cheekuramelli, and Radhamanohar Aepuru 11.1 Introduction 265 11.2 Need for Carbon Nano Lab-on-a-Chip Devices for Environment, and Its Advancement 266 11.3 Carbon Nano Lab-on-a-Chip Devices for Environment 267 11.3.1 Renewable Energy Applications 267 11.3.2 Agriculture Applications 268 11.3.3 Biomedical Applications 270 11.3.4 Ocean and Atmospheric Applications 274 11.4 Conclusion 278 Important Websites 279 References 279 12 Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes (FCNTs) as Novel Drug Delivery Systems: Emergent Perspectives from Applications 283Shikha Gulati, Sanjay Kumar, Ayush Mongia, Anchita Diwan, and Parinita Singh 12.1 About the Chapter 283 12.2 Introduction 284 12.3 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 284 12.4 Classification of CNTs 286 12.4.1 Advantages of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 287 12.4.2 Disadvantages of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 287 12.5 Synthetic Methodologies of CNTs 288 12.5.1 Laser Ablation (LA) Method 288 12.5.2 Electric Arc Discharge (EAD) Method 289 12.5.3 Catalytic Chemical Vapor Deposition (CCVD) Method 289 12.5.4 Electrolysis Method 289 12.6 Purification Techniques of CNTs 290 12.6.1 Vacuum Oven Treatment 291 12.6.2 Microwave Treatment 291 12.6.3 Chemical Oxidation 291 12.6.4 Piranha Treatment 291 12.6.5 Annealing 292 12.6.6 Ultrasonication 292 12.6.7 Magnetic Purification 292 12.6.8 Cutting 292 12.6.9 Chromatography 292 12.7 Need of Functionalization of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 293 12.8 Functionalization Strategies of CNTs 293 12.8.1 Covalent Functionalization 293 12.8.2 Non-covalent Functionalization 295 12.9 Advantages of Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes (FCNTs) 296 12.10 Medicinal Applications of Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes (FCNTs) 296 12.10.1 FCNTs in Drug Delivery 296 12.10.2 FCNTs in Drug Loading 298 12.10.3 FCNTs in Drug Targeting 301 12.10.3.1 Cancer Targeting 301 12.10.3.2 Brain Targeting 302 12.10.3.3 Lymphatic Targeting 302 12.10.3.4 Tuberculosis Targeting 303 12.11 Biocompatibility and Toxicity Considerations of FCNTs 303 12.12 Conclusion and Future Perspective 305 Some Important Websites 306 References 306 13 Adsorptive Removal of Fluoride by Carbon Nanomaterials 313Tanvir Arfin 13.1 Introduction 313 13.2 Geochemistry of Fluoride 314 13.3 Fluoride in Water 314 13.3.1 Dynamics of Fluoride in Groundwater 315 13.4 Fluoride Solubility and Temperature 316 13.5 Sources of Fluoride in the Environment 316 13.6 Health Effects of Fluoride 316 13.7 Removal Technologies 316 13.8 Classification of Adsorbents 317 13.9 Carbon-Based Adsorbents 317 13.9.1 Carbon Nanomaterials (CNM) 318 13.9.1.1 Carbon Nanotube (CNT) 319 13.9.1.2 Graphene 319 13.10 Conclusion 320 Acknowledgment 321 Important Websites 321 References 321 14 Functionalized Carbon Nano-Membranes Based Devices for Water Purification Technology 331Lindomar Cordeiro A. de Araújo and Luiz Pereira da Costa 14.1 Introduction 331 14.2 Desalination 333 14.3 Removal of Particles (Ions, Heavy Metals) 335 14.4 Removal of Microorganisms 336 14.5 Final Considerations 339 Websites on the Topic 339 References 339 15 Functionalized Bio-carbon Nanomaterials for Environmental Utilizations 347Mahtabin R. Rozbu, Ahmedul Kabir, and Paulraj M. Selvakumar 15.1 Introduction 347 15.2 Carbon Nanomaterial 349 15.3 Synthesis of Fullerenes 349 15.4 Synthesis of CNTs 350 15.5 Synthesis of Graphenes 350 15.6 Bio-carbon Nanomaterials 351 15.7 Functionalization of Nanom\aterials 351 15.7.1 Importance of Functionalization 352 15.8 Nanocellulose 352 15.8.1 Synthesis of Nanocellulose (NC) 352 15.8.2 Synthesis of CNCs 353 15.8.3 Synthesis of CNFs 353 15.8.4 Synthesis of DCCs 354 15.8.5 Synthesis of BNC 354 15.8.6 Applications 354 15.8.6.1 NC in Purification Technology as Films and Foams 354 15.8.7 NC as Solar Cells 355 15.8.8 NC as Stabilizing Agent 355 15.8.9 NC in Biomedicine 355 15.9 Nitrogen and Sulfur Co-doped Bio-carbon 356 15.9.1 Application Co-doped Bio-carbon 356 15.10 Biochar 356 15.10.1 Application of Biochar 357 15.10.1.1 Application of Bio-carbon Derived from Sisal Leaves 357 15.11 Biopolymers 357 15.11.1 Biopolymers in “Green” Synthesis of Nanoparticles 357 15.11.2 Biopolymers in Waste Water Treatments 358 15.11.3 Biopolymers as Bioplastics 358 15.11.4 Nanocomposites 358 15.11.5 Peptide Nanoparticles 359 15.11.5.1 Dipeptides 359 15.11.5.2 Peptide Amphiphiles 359 15.11.5.3 Dendrimers 360 15.11.5.4 Coiled-Coil Peptides 360 15.11.5.5 Peptide–Nucleic Acid Complexes 360 15.11.5.6 Casein Micelles 360 15.11.5.7 Peptide Nanotubes 360 15.11.6 Further Application of Bio-carbon Nanomaterials as Devices 361 15.11.7 Characterization Technique 361 15.12 Conclusion 362 Important Websites 363 References 363 16 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials in Drug Delivery Systems 375Subhendu Chakroborty and Suban K. Sahoo 16.1 Introduction 375 16.2 Carbon Nanomaterials in Drug Delivery 375 16.2.1 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) in Drug Delivery 375 16.2.2 Graphene Oxide (GO) in Drug Delivery 379 16.2.3 Carbon Dots (CDs) in Drug Delivery 384 16.2.4 Nanodiamonds (NDs) in Drug Delivery 387 16.3 Conclusions 389 Important Websites on Drug Delivery Systems 389 References 389 17 Functionalized Carbon Nanomaterials (FCNMs): A Green and Sustainable Vision 395Upasana Issar and Richa Arora 17.1 Introduction 395 17.2 Environment-Friendly and Greener Ways to Synthesize FCNMs 396 17.3 Applications of FCNMs for a Green and Sustainable Environment 398 17.3.1 FCNMs in Wastewater Remediation 398 17.3.2 FCNMs in Air Pollution Remediation 400 17.3.3 FCNMs in Nuclear Waste Management 401 17.3.4 FCNMs as Electrocatalysts and Photocatalysts 402 17.3.5 FCNMs for Energy Storage 403 17.3.5.1 FCNMs and Solar Cells 403 17.3.5.2 FCNMs and Supercapacitors 405 17.3.5.3 FCNMs and Hydrogen Storage 406 17.3.5.4 FCNMs and Fuel Cell 407 17.3.6 FCNMs and Biofuels 408 17.3.7 FCNMs as Nanofertilizers 409 17.3.8 Miscellaneous Applications 409 17.4 Summary 410 Some Important Weblinks Related to Applications of FCNMs 410 References 410 18 Functionalized Carbon Nanomaterials for Impending Pharmaceutical Applications: A Green andSustainable Vision 423Vaneet Kumar, Saruchi, and Harsh Kumar 18.1 Introduction 423 18.2 Carbon Nanotubes: Functionalization for Biomedical Applications 424 18.2.1 Applications of Functionalization Carbon Nanotubes in the Pharmaceutical Field 426 18.2.2 Treatments of Tumors by Functionalized CNT 428 18.2.3 Treatment of Infectious Diseases by Functionalized CNT 428 18.2.4 Functionalized CNT as Antioxidants 429 18.2.5 Functionalized CNTs as Diagnostics 429 18.2.6 Solid Phase Extraction of Drugs and Biochemical’s with CNTs 430 18.2.7 Toxicity Contemplation of CNTs 431 18.3 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 432 Important Websites about the Topic 433 References 433 Index 439

Explore this insightful treatment of the function and fabrication of high-performance devices for environmental applications Environmental Applications of Carbon Nanomaterials-Based Devices delivers an overview of state-of-the-art technology in functionalized carbon nanomaterials-based devices for environmental applications. The book provides a powerful foundation, based in materials science, on functionalized carbon nanomaterials in general, and environmental science and device fabrication in particular. The book focuses on the chemical and physical methods of functionalization of carbon nanomaterials and the technology of device fabrication, including lab-on-a-chip approaches and applications such as wastewater purification and gas sensing. It provides readers with a thorough understanding of effective environmental remediation techniques performed with carbon nanomaterials-based devices. In addition to topics such as cross-linked graphene oxide membranes assembled with graphene oxide nanosheets, free-standing graphene oxide-chitin nanocrystal composite membranes for dye adsorption and oil/water separation, and in-situ grown covalent organic framework nanosheets on graphene for membrane-based dye/salt separation, readers will also benefit from the inclusion of: A thorough introduction to charge-gated ion transport through polyelectrolyte intercalated amine reduced graphene oxide membranesAn exploration of hydrotalcite/graphene oxide hybrid nanosheets functionalized nanofiltration membrane for desalinationA discussion of the incorporation of attapulgite nanorods into graphene oxide nanofiltration membranes for efficient dyes wastewater treatmentAn examination of attapulgite nanofibers and graphene oxide composite membranes for high-performance molecular separation Perfect for materials scientists, analytical chemists, and environmental chemists, Environmental Applications of Carbon Nanomaterials-Based Devices will also earn a place in the libraries of sensor developers seeking a one-stop resource for high-performance devices and sensors useful for environmental applications.