PREFACE Introduction What's New? Goodbye How To Use The Book What Background Knowledge Do I Need? Do The Chapters Get More Difficult As I Go Through The Book? Why Do I Keep Seeing Stupid Faces Everywhere? What is on the CD-ROM? Acknowledgements Dedication Symbols Used In This Book Mathematical Operators Greek Symbols English Symbols Home Maths Revision WHY IS MY EVIL LECTURER FORCING ME TO LEARN STATISTICS? What Will This Chapter Tell Me? What The Hell Am I Doing Here? I Don't Belong Here Initial Observation: Finding Something That Needs Explaining Generating Theories And Testing Them Data Collection Part 1: What To Measure Data Collection Part 2: How To Measure ANALYSING DATA What Have I Discovered About Statistics? Key Terms That I've Discovered Smart Alex's Stats Quiz Further Reading Interesting Real Research EVERYTHING YOU EVER WANTED TO KNOW ABOUT STATISTICS (WELL, SORT OF) What Will This Chapter Tell Me? Building Statistical Models Populations And Samples Simple Statistical Models Going Beyond The Data Using Statistical Models To Test Research Questions What Have I Discovered About Statistics? Key Terms That I've Discovered Key Terms That I've Discovered Smart Alex's Stats Quiz Further Reading Interesting Real Research THE SPSS ENVIRONMENT What Will This Chapter Tell Me? Versions Of SPSS Getting Started The Data Editor The SPSS Viewer The SPSS Smartviewer The Syntax Window Saving Files Retrieving A File What Have I Discovered About Statistics? Key Terms That I've Discovered Smart Alex's Task Further Reading EXPLORING DATA WITH GRAPHS What Will This Chapter Tell Me? The Art Of Presenting Data The SPSS Chart Builder Histograms: A Good Way To Spot Obvious Problems Boxplots (Box-Whisker Diagrams) Graphing Means: Bar Charts And Error Bars Line Charts Graphing Relationships: The Scatterplot Editing Graphs What Have I Discovered About Statistics? Key Terms That I've Discovered Smart Alex's Tasks Further Reading Interesting Real Research EXPLORING ASSUMPTIONS What Will This Chapter Tell Me? What Are Assumptions? Assumptions Of Parametric Data The Assumption Of Normality Testing Whether A Distribution Is Normal Testing For Homogeneity Of Variance Correcting Problems In The Data What Have I Discovered About Statistics? Key Terms That I've Discovered Smart Alex's Tasks Further Reading CORRELATION What Will This Chapter Tell Me? Looking At Relationships How Do We Measure Relationships? Data Entry For Correlation Analysis Using SPSS Bivariate Correlation Partial Correlation Comparing Correlations Calculating The Effect Size How To Report Correlation Coefficents What Have I Discovered About Statistics? Key Terms That I've Discovered Smart Alex's Task Further Reading Interesting Real Research REGRESSION What Will This Chapter Tell Me? An Introduction To Regression Doing Simple Regression On SPSS Interpreting A Simple Regression Multiple Regression: The Basics How Accurate Is My Regression Model? How To Do Multiple Regression Using SPSS Interpreting Multiple Regression What If I Violate An Assumption? How To Report Multiple Regression Categorical Predictors And Multiple Regression What Have I Discovered About Statistics? Key Terms That I've Discovered Smart Alex's Task Further Reading Interesting Real Research LOGISTIC REGRESSION What Will This Chapter Tell Me? Background To Logistic Regression What Are The Principles Behind Logistic Regression? Assumptions And Things That Can Go Wrong Binary Logistic Regression: An Example That Will Make You Feel Eel Interpreting Logistic Regression How To Report Logistic Regression Testing Assumptions: Another Example Predicting Several Categories: Multinomial Logistic Regression What Have I Discovered About Statistics? Key Terms That I've Discovered Smart Alex's Tasks Further Reading Interesting Real Research COMPARING TWO MEANS What Will This Chapter Tell Me? Looking At Differences The T-Test The Dependent T-Test The Independent T-Test Between Groups Or Repeated Measures? The T-Test As A General Linear Model What If My Data Are Not Normally Distributed? What Have I Discovered About Statistics? Key Terms That I've Discovered Smart Alex's Task Further Reading Interesting Real Research COMPARING SEVERAL MEANS: ANOVA (GLM 1) What Will This Chapter Tell Me? The Theory Behind ANOVA Running One-Way ANOVA On SPSS Output From One-Way ANOVA Calculating The Effect Size Reporting Results From One-Way Independent ANOVA Violations Of Assumptions In One-Way Independent ANOVA What Have I Discovered About Statistics? Key Terms That I've Discovered Smart Alex's Tasks Further Reading Interesting Real Research ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE, ANCOVA (GLM 2) What Will This Chapter Tell Me? What Is ANCOVA? Assumptions And Issues In ANCOVA Conducting ANCOVA On SPSS Interpreting The Output From ANCOVA ANCOVA Run As A Multiple Regression Testing The Assumption Of Homogeneity Of Regression Slopes Calculating The Effect Size Reporting Results What To Do When Assumptions Are Violated In ANCOVA What Have I Discovered About Statistics? Key Terms That I've Discovered Smart Alex's Tasks Further Reading Interesting Real Research FACTORIAL ANOVA (GLM 3) What Will This Chapter Tell Me? Theory Of Factorial ANOVA (Between-Groups) Factorial ANOVA Using SPSS Output From Factorial ANOVA Interpreting Interaction Graphs Calculating Effect Sizes Reporting The Results Of Two-Way ANOVA Factorial ANOVA As Regression What To Do When Assumptions Are Violated In Factorial ANOVA What Have I Discovered About Statistics? Key Terms That I've Discovered Smart Alex's Tasks Further Reading Interesting Real Research REPEATED MEASURES DESIGNS (GLM 4) What Will This Chapter Tell Me? Introduction To Repeated Measures Designs Theory Of One-Way Repeated-Measures ANOVA One-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA Using SPSS Output For One-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA Effect Sizes For Repeated Measures ANOVA Reporting One-Way Repeated Measures ANOVA Repeated Measures With Several Independent Variables Output For Factorial Repeated Measures ANOVA Effect Sizes For Factorial Repeated Measures ANOVA Reporting The Results From Factorial Repeated Measures ANOVA What To Do When Assumptions Are Violated In Repeated Measures ANOVA What Have I Discovered About Statistics? Key Terms That I've Discovered Smart Alex's Tasks Further Reading Interesting Real Research FIXED DESIGN ANOVA (GLM 5) What Will This Chapter Tell Me? Fixed Designs What Do Men And Women Look For In A Partner? Fixed ANOVA On SPSS Output For Mixed Factorial ANOVA: Main Analysis Calculating Effect Sizes Reporting The Results Of Mixed ANOVA What Have I Discovered About Statistics? Key Terms That I've Discovered Smart Alex's Tasks Further Reading Interesting Real Research NONPARAMETRIC TESTS What Will This Chapter Tell Me? When To Use Non-Parametric Tests Comparing Two Independent Conditions: The Wilcoxon Rank Sum Test And Mann-Whitney Test Comparing Two Related Conditions: The Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test Differences Between Several Independent Groups: The Kruskal-Wallis Test Differences Between Several Related Groups: Friedman's ANOVA What Have I Discovered About Statistics? Key Terms That I've Discovered Smart Alex's Tasks Further Reading Interesting Real Research MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (MANOVA) What Will This Chapter Tell Me? When To Use MANOVA Introduction: Similarities And Differences To ANOVA Theory Of MANOVA Practical Issues When Conducting MANOVA MANOVA On SPSS Output From MANOVA Reporting Results From MANOVA Following Up MANOVA With Discriminant Analysis Output From The Discriminant Analysis Reporting Results From Discriminant Analysis Some Final Remarks What To Do When Assumptions Are Violated In MANOVA What Have I Discovered About Statistics? Key Terms That I've Discovered Smart Alex's Tasks Further Reading Interesting Real Research EXPLORATORY FACTOR ANALYSIS What Will This Chapter Tell Me? When To Use Factor Analysis Factors Discovering Factors