Preface xxi Editor Biography xxiii Section I Background of Forensic Science 1 1 History of Forensic Science 3Kavya Hemanth, Maithri Tharmavaram, and Gaurav Pandey 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 History of Origin of Forensic Science 4 1.3 History of Important Branches of Forensic Science 7 1.4 Conclusions 14 2 Conventional Technologies in Forensic Science 17Piyush K. Rao, Maithri Tharmavaram, and Gaurav Pandey 2.1 Introduction 17 2.2 Conventional Techniques in Different Divisions of Forensic Science 19 2.3 Conclusions and Future Prospects 31 Section II Forensic Samples 35 3 Biological Evidence and Their Handling 37Piyush K. Rao, Gaurav Pandey, and Maithri Tharmavaram 3.1 Introduction 37 3.2 Classification of the Biological Evidence 39 3.3 Preservation of Viscera and Other Body Fluids in Death due to Poisoning 42 3.4 Collection of Blood for Isolation of the DNA 44 3.5 Semen and Seminal Stains 45 3.6 Vaginal Secretions 46 3.7 Urine and Saliva 46 3.8 Tissue/Teeth/Bone Sample 46 3.9 Vomit 47 3.10 Feces 47 3.11 Sweat 47 3.12 Nasal Secretion 47 3.13 Tears and Human Milk 47 3.14 Botanical Evidence Collection and Preservation 48 3.15 Challenges Encountered 49 3.16 Future Prospects and Conclusions 50 4 Physical Evidence and Their Handling 55Piyush K. Rao, Gaurav Pandey, and Maithri Tharmavaram 4.1 Introduction 55 4.2 Classification of Physical Evidence 56 4.3 Precautions to Be Taken While Packaging 56 4.4 Collection and Handling of Evidence 58 4.5 Conclusions 75 References 76 5 Chemical Evidences and Their Handling 79Piyush K. Rao, Gaurav Pandey, and Maithri Tharmavaram 5.1 Introduction 79 5.2 Collection, Preservation, and Handling Methods 82 5.3 Conclusions 97 Section III Analytical Techniques for Forensic Science 101 6 Microscopy for Forensic Investigations 103Saeida Saadat, Gaurav Pandey, and Maithri Tharmavaram 6.1 Introduction 103 6.2 The Importance of Microscope in Forensic Investigations 104 6.3 Types of Microscope Used in Forensic Sciences 107 7 Chromatographic Techniques for Forensic Investigations 129Yogita Bhoj, Maithri Tharmavaram, Gaurav Pandey, Deepak Rawtani, and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain 7.1 Introduction 129 7.2 Types of Chromatographic Techniques Used in Forensic Investigations 131 7.3 Applications of Chromatographic Techniques in Forensic Investigations 137 7.4 Conclusions and Future Aspects 146 8 Hyphenated Techniques for Forensic Investigations 151Riddhi Trivedi, and Prajesh Prajapati 8.1 Introduction 151 8.2 Hyphenation and Modern Hyphenated Techniques 153 8.3 Various Applications for Forensic Investigation Using Hyphenated Techniques 160 Section IV Biometrics Technology for Forensic Science 175 9 Conventional and Emerging Biometrics Techniques in Forensic Investigations 177Aayush Dey, Maithri Tharmavaram, Gaurav Pandey, Deepak Rawtani, and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain 9.1 Introduction 177 9.2 Conventional Technologies in Forensic Science 178 9.3 Emerging Technologies in Forensic Science 191 9.4 Conclusions 194 Section V Sensors Technology for Forensic Science 199 10 Sensors for the Detection of Explosives and Gunshots Residues 201Kishan Koyani, Maithri Tharmavaram, Gaurav Pandey, Deepak Rawtani, and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain 10.1 Introduction 201 10.2 Gunshot Residues 203 10.3 Explosives 207 10.4 Conclusions 214 11 Sensors for the Detection of Illicit Drugs 221Sejal Purohit, Gaurav Pandey, Maithri Tharmavaram, Deepak Rawtani, and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain 11.1 Introduction 221 11.2 Illicit Drugs in Forensic Science 223 11.3 Conventional Techniques for the Detection of Illicit Drugs 225 11.4 Sensors for the Detection of Illicit Drugs 228 11.5 Conclusions 233 12 Sensors for the Detection of Biological Fluids 239Shubhankar Dube, Maithri Tharmavaram, Gaurav Pandey, Deepak Rawtani, and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain 12.1 Introduction 239 12.2 Biological Fluids at Crime Scenes 240 12.3 Biosensors for Biological Fluids 244 12.4 Conclusions 254 13 Sensors for Dope Tests in Sports 259Devisree Anil, Gaurav Pandey, Maithri Tharmavaram, Deepak Rawtani, and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain 13.1 Introduction 259 13.2 Various Drugs and Methods Used in Sports Doping 260 13.3 Conventional Techniques in Doping 263 13.4 Sensors for Dope Agent Analysis 265 13.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 274 Section VI Emerging Technologies in Forensic Science 279 14 Nanotechnology and Taggant Technology in Forensic Science 281Payal V. Bhatt, Gaurav Pandey, Maithri Tharmavaram, Deepak Rawtani, and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain 14.1 Introduction 281 14.2 Forensic Science 282 14.3 Nanotechnology 282 14.4 Taggant Technology 284 14.5 Classification of Nanomaterials and Taggants 285 14.6 Application of Nanotechnology in Forensic Science 289 14.7 Application of Taggant Technology in Forensic Science 293 14.8 Conclusions 296 Section VII Modern Perspective of Forensic Science Technologies Software 303 15 Advanced Forensic Models 305Akshay Sharma, and Piyush K. Rao 15.1 Introduction 305 15.2 Forensic Models 306 15.3 Conclusions 321 Section VIII Ethical and Legal Issues of Forensic Science 327 16 Conventional and Internal Standards in Forensic Science 329Rohith Krishna, and Sheetal Rajan 16.1 Introduction 329 16.2 Accreditation in Forensic Science 330 16.3 History of Forensic Science Accreditation 330 16.4 Ethics in Forensic Science 334 16.5 Standards in Forensic DNA Fingerprinting 336 16.6 Standards in Forensic Toxicology 337 16.7 Conclusions 339 Section IX Economics and Commercialization of Forensic Science Technologies 341 17 Commercialization of Regulatory Forensic Programs 343Aakash Arora 17.1 Introduction 343 17.2 Current Landscape of Forensic Science 343 17.3 Changing World of Crime and Forensic Science 345 17.4 Challenges for Forensic Science 347 17.5 The Need for Regulatory Forensics 349 17.6 Applicability of Regulatory Forensics 352 17.7 Conclusions 353 Section X Future of Forensic Science Technologies 357 18 Future of Forensic and Crime Scene Science Technologies 359Aakash Arora 18.1 Introduction 359 18.2 Personal Identification 359 18.3 Virtopsy 363 18.4 DNA Analysis Technology 364 18.5 Geotagging in Forensics 366 18.6 Conclusions 367 References 367 19 Concluding Notes: Future of Technology in Forensic Science 371Deepak Rawtani, and Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain 19.1 Introduction 371 19.2 Modern Society and Forensic Science 371 19.3 Emerging Challenges for Forensic Science 372 19.4 Rereads of the Book 372 19.5 Conclusions 374 Index 375

Harnessing the power of advanced technologies in forensic science! Forensic science technologies are used in various areas such as the judicial system, for the identification of mass disaster victims, parenthood disputes, doping control, policing and even history of art. Modern techniques include high-resolution light and electron microscopy, chromatographic and spectroscopic approaches and high-performance, sensor-based methods, complemented by automated, artificially intelligent software tools. The focus of Technology in Forensic Science: Sampling, Analysis, Data and Regulations is the technology that is employed in the various areas where forensic science plays an important role. Starting with best practices on sample taking, the book then reviews analytical methods such as high-resolution microscopy and chromatography, biometric approaches, and advanced sensor technology as well as emerging technologies such as nanotechnology and taggant technology. The book concludes with an overview of the economics and commercialization of forensic science technologies. Beyond luminol: the book reviews modern methods employed in forensic scienceIntegrated approach: reviews the usage of the tools and methods for interpretation of the resultsForward-looking: gives an outlook to emerging methods such as nanotechnology- and AI-based approaches to forensic investigations Technology in Forensic Science: Sampling, Analysis, Data and Regulations is a useful resource for forensic scientists, analytical chemists, toxicologists, as well as for pathologists, and sensor developers.