Acknowledgments xi About the Editors xiii About the Authors xv Part I Microaggression Theory 1 1 Everything YouWanted to Know About Microaggressions but Didn’t Get a Chance to Ask 3Gina C. Torino, David P. Rivera, Christina M. Capodilupo, Kevin L. Nadal, and DeraldWing Sue 2 Aversive Racism, Implicit Bias, and Microaggressions 16John F. Dovidio, Adam R. Pearson, and Louis A. Penner 3 MultidimensionalModels of Microaggressions and Microaffirmations 32James M. Jones and Rosalie Rol´on-Dow 4 Intersectionality Theory and Microaggressions: Implications for Research, Teaching, and Practice 48Jioni A. Lewis, Marlene G.Williams, Anahvia T. Moody, Erica J. Peppers, and Cecile A. Gadson Part II Detrimental Impact of Microaggressions 65 5 Microaggressions: Clinical Impact and Psychological Harm 67Jesse Owen, KarenW. Tao, and Joanna M. Drinane 6 Microaggressions: Considering the Framework of Psychological Trauma 86Thema Bryant-Davis 7 Factors Contributing to Microaggressions, Racial Battle Fatigue, Stereotype Threat, and Imposter Phenomenon for Nonhegemonic Students: Implications for Urban Education 102Jennifer L.Martin 8 Microaggressions and Internalized Oppression: Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, and Institutional Impacts of “Internalized Microaggressions” 121E.J.R. David, Jessica Petalio, and Maria C. Crouch 9 “I Didn’t Know ThatWas Racist”: Costs of Racial Microaggressions To White People 138D Anthony Clark and Lisa Spanierman Part III Manifestation of Microaggressions 157 10 The 360-Degree Experience of Workplace Microaggressions: Who Commits Them? How Do Individuals Respond? What Are the Consequences? 159Jennifer Young-Jin Kim, Duoc Nguyen, and Caryn Block 11 Microaggressions: Toxic Rain in Health Care 178Silvia L. Mazzula and Rebecca R. Camp´on 12 From Racial Microaggressions to Hate Crimes: A Model of Online Racism Based on the Lived Experiences of Adolescents of Color 194Brendesha M. Tynes, Fantasy T. Lozada, Naila A. Smith, and AshleyM. Stewart 13 EnvironmentalMicroaggressions: Context, Symbols, and Mascots 213Jesse A. Steinfeldt, Jacqueline Hyman, and M. Clint Steinfeldt Part IV Microaggressions and Social Policies and Practices 227 14 Microaggressions and Student Activism: Harmless Impact and Victimhood Controversies 229DeraldWing Sue 15 “Radical by Necessity, Not by Choice”: From Microaggressions to Social Activism 244Michelle Fine,Maria E. Torre, David Frost, and Allison Cabana Part V Microaggressions: Interventions and Strategies 259 16 Microaggressions:Workplace Interventions 261Aisha M. B. Holder 17 “Compliments”and “Jokes”: Unpacking Racial Microaggressions in the K-12 Classroom 276Rita Kohli, Nallely Arteaga, and Elexia R. McGovern 18 Microaggressions in Higher Education: Embracing Educative Spaces 291Kathryn S. Young andMyron R. Anderson Part VI The Future of Microaggression Theory 307 19 Microaggression Theory:What the Future Holds 309Gina C. Torino, David P. Rivera, Christina M. Capodilupo, Kevin L. Nadal, and DeraldWing Sue Author Index 329 Subject Index 343

Get to know the sociopolitical context behind microaggressions Microaggressions are brief, everyday exchanges that send denigrating messages to certain individuals because of their group membership (e.g., race, gender, culture, religion, social class, sexual orientation, etc.). These daily, common manifestations of aggression leave many people feeling vulnerable, targeted, angry, and afraid. How has this become such a pervasive part of our social and political rhetoric, and what is the psychology behind it? In Microaggression Theory, the original research team that created the microaggressions taxonomy, Gina Torino, David Rivera, Christina Capodilupo, Kevin Nadal, and Derald Wing Sue, address these issues head-on in a fascinating work that explores the newest findings of microaggressions in their sociopolitical context. It delves into how the often invisible nature of this phenomenon prevents perpetrators from realizing and confronting their own complicity in creating psychological dilemmas for marginalized groups, and discusses how prejudice, privilege, safe spaces, and cultural appropriation have become themes in our contentious social and political discourse. Details the psychological effects of microaggressions in separate chapters covering clinical impact, trauma, related stress syndromes, and the effect on perpetratorsExamines how microaggressions affect education, employment, health care, and the mediaExplores how social policies and practices can minimize the occurrence and impact of microaggressions in a range of environmentsInvestigates how microaggressions relate to larger social movementsIf you come across the topic of microaggressions in your day-to-day life, you can keep the conversation going in a productive manner—with research to back it up!