List of Contributors xv About the Editors xix Preface xxi 1 Properties of Heavy and Extra-Heavy Crude Oils 1 Alexis Tirado, Guillermo Félix, Fernando Trejo, Mikhail A. Varfolomeev, Chengdong Yuan, Danis K. Nurgaliev, Vicente Sámano, and Jorge Ancheyta 2 Advanced Characterization of Heavy Crude Oils and their Fractions 39 3 Applications of Enhanced Oil Recovery Techniques of Heavy Crudes 153 Chengdong Yuan, Mikhail A. Varfolomeev, Mustafa V. Kok, Danis K. Nurgaliev, and Airat H. Gabbasov 4 Fundamentals of In Situ Upgrading 168 Alexey Vakhin, Firdavs Aliev, Galina Kaukova, Ameen A. Al-Muntaser, Muneer A. Suwaid, Chengdong Yuan, Jorge Ancheyta, and Mikhail A. Varfolomeev 5 Catalyst for In Situ Upgrading of Heavy Oils 237 Persi Schacht, Pablo Torres-Mancera, and Jorge Ancheyta 6 Nanoparticles for Heavy Oil In Situ Upgrading 263 Muneer A. Suwaid, Sergey A. Sitnov, Ameen Al-Muntaser, Chengdong Yuan, Alexey Vakhin, Jorge Ancheyta, and Mikhail A. Varfolomeev 7 Catalytic Mechanism and Kinetics 309 Guillermo Félix, Alexis Tirado, Ameen Al-Muntaser, Mikhail A. Varfolomeev, Chengdong Yuan, and Jorge Ancheyta 8 Application of Quantum Chemical Calculations for Studying Thermochemistry, Kinetics, and Catalytic Mechanisms of In Situ Upgrading 382 Nail Khafizov, Vadim Neklyudov, Anastasiya Mikhailova, and Oleg Kadkin 9 Behavior of Catalyst in Porous Media 435 Timur R. Zakirov, Rail I. Kadyrov, Chengdong Yuan, and Mikhail A. Varfolomeev 10 Numerical Simulation of Catalytic In Situ Oil Upgrading Process 453Allan Rojas, Denis Shevchenko, Vladislav Sudakov, Sergey Usmanov, and Michael Kwofie 11 Novel Technologies for Upgrading Heavy and Extra-Heavy Oil 489 Khusain Kadiev, Anton L. Maximov, and Jorge Ancheyta Index 521

A comprehensive guide to a cutting-edge and cost-effective refinement process for heavy oil Oil sufficiently viscous that it cannot flow normally from production wells is called heavy oil and constitutes as much as 70% of global oil reserves. Extracting and refining this oil can pose significant challenges, including very high transportation costs. As a result, processes which produce and partially refine heavy oil in situ, known as catalytic upgrading, are an increasingly important part of the heavy oil extraction process, and the reduced carbon footprint associated with these methods promises to make them even more significant in the coming years. Catalytic In-Situ Upgrading of Heavy and Extra-Heavy Crude Oils provides a comprehensive introduction to these processes. It introduces the properties and characteristics of heavy and extra-heavy oil before discussing different catalysts and catalyzing processes, their mechanisms and underlying physics, and more. It offers the full sweep of description and analysis required for petroleum and chemical engineers to understand this vital aspect of the modern oil industry. Readers will also find: Detailed discussion of subjects including electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and moreAnalysis of both liquid catalysts and nanoparticle catalystsA numerical simulation of the catalytic in-situ oil upgrading process Catalytic In-Situ Upgrading of Heavy and Extra-Heavy Crude Oils is a valuable reference for petroleum and chemical engineers as well as advanced undergraduate and graduate students in related fields.