Preface xxiii Part I: Novel Drug Carriers and Therapeutics 1 1 Nanoarchitectured Materials: Their Applications and Present Scenarios in Drug Delivery 3 Moreshwar P. Patil and Lalita S. Nemade 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Liposomes 4 1.3 Nanoparticles 8 1.3.1 Nanoparticles in Drug Delivery 9 1.4 Nanoemulsions 10 1.4.1 Advantages and Shortcomings of Nanoemulsions 10 1.4.2 Application of Nanoemulsion in Drug Delivery 10 1.5 Dendrimers 11 1.5.1 Synthesis of Dendrimers 12 1.5.2 Advantages of Dendrimers 12 1.5.3 Applications of Dendrimers in Drug Delivery 12 1.6 Aquasomes 15 1.6.1 Properties of Aquasomes 15 1.6.2 Application of Aquasomes in Drug Delivery 16 1.7 Nanogel 16 1.7.1 Properties of Nanogels 17 1.7.2 Nanogels in Drug Delivery 17 1.8 Quantum Dots 18 1.8.1 Applications of Quantum Dots in Drug Delivery 19 1.9 Carbon Nanotubes 19 1.9.1 Features of Carbon Nanotubes 19 1.9.2 Carbon Nanotubes in Drug Delivery 20 References 20 2 Nanopharmaceuticals for Drug Delivery 29 Swapnali Ashish Patil, Akshadha Atul Bakliwal, Vijay Sharad Chudiwal and Swati Gokul Talele 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 What Are Nanopharmaceuticals and What Do They Do? 30 2.3 Nanopharmaceuticals Importance 30 2.4 Nanotechnology 30 2.5 Pharmaceutical Companies and Nanotechnology 31 2.6 Applications and Advantages of Nanopharmaceuticals as Drug Carriers 32 2.7 Characteristics of Nanoparticles in Nanopharmaceuticals 32 2.7.1 Particle Size 32 2.7.2 Surface Properties of Nanoparticles 33 2.7.3 Drug Loading 33 2.7.4 Drug Release 34 2.8 Targeted Drug Delivery 34 2.9 Types of Nanoparticles 34 2.10 Nanoparticle Preparation Methods 35 2.11 Evaluation of Nanoparticles 35 2.12 Efficiency of Drug Entrapment 37 2.13 Particle Shape 37 2.14 Size of the Particles 37 2.15 Zeta Potential 37 2.16 Rise of Nanopharmaceuticals 38 2.17 Nanopharmaceuticals Approval Regulations (FDA Rules & Regulations) 39 2.18 Conclusions and Prospects for the Future 40 References 41 3 Applications and Prospects of Nanopharmaceuticals Delivery 45 Hemant K. S. Yadav, Fejer Al mohammedawi and Rawan J. I. Abujarad 3.1 Introduction 45 3.2 Nanopharmaceuticals 46 3.3 Development of Nanopharmaceuticals 46 3.3.1 From Lab to the Marketplace 46 3.3.2 Techniques 47 3.3.3 Cost 47 3.3.4 Ethics 48 3.3.5 Nanopharmaceuticals Approval Regulations (FDA Rules & Regulations) 48 3.4 Clinical Applications of Nanotechnology 49 3.4.1 Diagnostic Applications 49 3.4.1.1 Detection 50 3.4.1.2 Protein Chips 50 3.4.1.3 Individual Target Probes 50 3.4.1.4 Nanotechnology as a Tool in Imaging 51 3.4.1.5 Sparse Cell Detection 51 3.4.2 Therapeutic Applications 51 3.4.2.1 Surfaces 51 3.4.2.2 Gene Delivery 51 3.4.2.3 Drug Delivery 52 3.4.2.4 Liposomes 52 3.4.2.5 Nanotechnology in Orthopedic Applications 52 3.4.2.6 Nanotechnology in Cardiac Therapy 53 3.4.2.7 Nanotechnology in Dental Care 53 3.4.2.8 Biomolecular Engineering 53 3.4.2.9 Biopharmaceuticals 53 3.5 Nanopharmaceuticals Delivery—Recent Applications 54 3.5.1 Nanoparticulate Systems for Vaccine 54 3.5.1.1 Polyanhydride-Based NPs 54 3.5.1.2 Biodegradable Synthetic PLGA NPs 54 3.5.1.3 Liposome-Based NPs 55 3.5.1.4 Polysaccharide-Based NPs 55 3.5.2 Chemotherapy 55 3.5.2.1 Increasing the Concentration of Chemotherapeutic Agents in Tumor Tissue 56 3.5.3 Drug/Gene Delivery 57 3.5.3.1 Nanoparticles Used in Drug Delivery System 58 3.5.3.2 Cellulose 59 3.6 Nanotechnology in Neurodegenerative Disorders Treatment 59 3.7 Future Perspective 59 3.8 Issues with Current Nanopharmaceutical Concepts 60 3.8.1 Large-Scale Manufacturing 60 3.8.2 Biological Challenges 62 3.8.3 Intellectual Property (IP) 62 3.8.4 Biocompatibility and Safety 63 3.8.5 Government Regulations 63 3.9 Conclusion 64 References 64 4 Nanomedicine Regulation and Future Prospects 67 md Anwar Nawaz R., Darul Raiyaan G. I., Sivakumar K. and Kantha D. Arunachalam 4.1 Introduction 67 4.2 Importance of Regulation of Nanomedicine 68 4.3 Regulatory Challenges Faced by Nanomaterial in Medicine 68 4.3.1 Performing Various Functions 69 4.3.2 Nanomedicine Classification Issues 69 4.3.3 Variation in Size of the Particle 69 4.3.4 Manufacturing Process 69 4.3.5 Difficulties to Create CQA 70 4.3.6 Nanotoxicology and Cellular Response 70 4.3.7 Administering Right Doses 71 4.3.8 Pharmacokinetics 71 4.3.9 Developing Guidelines 71 4.4 Nanomedicine Future Aspects 71 4.5 Challenges that Threaten the Future of Nanomedicine 72 4.5.1 Financial Crisis 72 4.5.2 Lack of Confidence 72 4.5.3 Potential Dangers 72 4.5.4 Unsuccessful Patenting 73 4.5.5 Breakdowns in the Pharmaceuticals and Financial Markets 73 4.5.6 Limited Regulation 74 4.6 Future Prospects for Nanomedicine 74 4.6.1 Emerging Nanomaterials 75 4.6.2 Personalized Nanomedicine 75 4.6.3 Nanorobots and Nanodevices 75 4.6.4 Orthopedic Augmentations and Cytocompatibility 76 4.6.5 Cardiology and Nanotechnology 76 4.6.6 Cancer and Nanotechnology 77 4.6.7 Napt 77 4.6.8 Gene, Protein, Lab-on-a-Chip Devices 78 4.6.9 Polymeric Nanoparticles in Medicine 78 References 79 5 Nanotechnology Application in Drug Delivery for Medicinal Plants 81 Bui Thanh Tung, Duong Van Thanh and Nguyen Phuong Thanh 5.1 Introduction 81 5.1.1 Nanodrug Delivery Systems (NDDS) 81 5.2 Nanoherbals 83 5.2.1 Cucuma longa (Cucurmin) 83 5.2.2 Gingko biloba 84 5.2.3 Artemisia 85 5.2.4 Silybum marianum—Silymarin 85 5.2.5 Salvia miltiorrhiza (Danshen) 88 5.2.6 Glycyrrhiza glabra (L.) 88 5.2.7 Camellia sinensis (Green tea) 88 5.2.8 Camptotheca acuminata 91 5.2.9 Leea indica 91 5.2.10 Ziziphus mauritiana (Malay apple) 91 5.2.11 Cuscuta chinensis 91 5.3 Conclusion 92 References 92 6 Nanosystems Trends in Nutraceutical Delivery 97 Aristote Buya 6.1 Introduction 97 6.2 Classification of Nutraceuticals 98 6.3 Biopharmaceutical Issues Associated with Nutraceuticals 101 6.4 Nanosystems for Delivery of Nutraceuticals 101 6.4.1 Nanoemulsions 101 6.4.2 Self-Emulsifying Systems 105 6.4.3 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers 105 6.4.4 Liposomes 106 6.4.5 Polymeric Nanoparticles 107 6.4.6 Inorganic Nanoparticles 107 6.5 Challenges 108 6.6 Market Potential 110 6.7 Conclusion and Perspective 111 References 111 7 Nanoencapsulated Systems for Delivery of Phytopharmaceuticals 127 Jacqueline Renovato-Núñez, Luis Enrique Cobos-Puc, Ezequiel Viveros-Valdez, Anna Iliná, Elda Patricia Segura-Ceniceros, Raúl Rodríguez-Herrera and Sonia Yesenia Silva-Belmares 7.1 Introduction 127 7.1.1 Nanoencapsulation Techniques in Phytopharmaceuticals 128 7.1.1.1 Physical-Chemical Techniques 129 7.1.1.2 Chemicals Techniques 130 7.1.1.3 Mechanical Techniques 131 7.1.2 Characterization of Nanoencapsulates 132 7.1.2.1 Morphological Characterization 132 7.1.2.2 Physicochemical Characterization 134 7.1.3 Nanoencapsulated Systems for Free Delivery of Phytopharmaceuticals 137 7.1.4 Studies to Evaluate Phytopharmaceuticals Nanoencapsulates 141 7.2 Conclusions 144 References 145 8 Topical Drug Delivery Using Liposomes and Liquid Crystalline Phases for Skin Cancer Therapy 153 Karina Alexandre Barros Nogueira, Jéssica Roberta Pereira Martins, Thayane Soares Lima, Jose Willams Bandeira Alves Junior, Alanna Letícia do Carmo Aquino, Lorena Maria Ferreira de Lima, Josimar O. Eloy and Raquel Petrilli 8.1 Introduction 153 8.2 Liposomes for Topical Application 156 8.2.1 Development of Liposomal Nanoparticles 156 8.3 Liquid Crystals and Liquid Crystalline Nanodispersions for Topical Application 162 8.3.1 Characterization Techniques 164 8.4 Physical Methods Applied to Nanoparticles Delivery 165 8.4.1 Sonophoresis 167 8.4.2 Microneedles 168 8.5 Conclusions and Perspectives 169 Acknowledgements 169 References 169 9 Vesicular Drug Delivery in Arthritis Treatment 177 Nilesh Gorde, Sandeep O. Waghulde, Ajay Kharche and Mohan Kale 9.1 Introduction 177 9.2 Skin Penetration Pathways 178 9.2.1 Intercellular Pathway 179 9.2.2 Transcellular Pathway 179 9.2.3 Appendgeal Pathway 179 9.3 Principles of Drug Permeation Through Skin 180 9.4 Problems Associated with Conventional Dosage Forms 180 9.5 Novel Treatment Strategies for Arthritis 182 9.5.1 Traditional Liposomes as Skin Drug Delivery Systems 183 9.5.2 Transferosomes (Ultradeformable Liposomes) as Skin Drug Delivery Systems 183 9.5.3 Ethosomes as Skin Drug Delivery Systems 184 9.5.4 Niosomes as Skin Drug Delivery Systems 185 9.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 187 References 187 10 Perspectives of Novel Drug Delivery in Mycoses 197 D. Maheswary, Kakithakara Vajravelu Leela and Sujith Ravi 10.1 Introduction 197 10.2 Role of Conventional Drugs in Antifungal Therapy 198 10.3 Mechanism of Action of Conventional Antifungals 198 10.4 Summary of Nanoparticles and Their Role in Antifungal Therapy 199 10.4.1 Lipid Nanoparticles 199 10.4.2 Liposome 200 10.4.3 Transfersomes 200 10.4.4 Transethosomes 200 10.4.5 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN) 200 10.4.6 Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLC) 200 10.4.7 Polymer Lipid Hybrid Nanoparticles (PLN) 200 10.4.8 Polymeric Nanoparticles 201 10.4.9 Microsponge and Nanosponge Systems 201 10.4.10 Polymeric Micelles 201 10.4.11 Polymersomes 201 10.4.12 Dendrimers 202 10.4.13 Metallic Nanoparticles 202 10.5 Other Drug Delivery Systems 202 10.5.1 Niosomes 202 10.5.2 Spanlastics 202 10.5.3 Microemulsions and Nanoemulsions 202 10.5.4 Silicon Dioxide Nanoparticles 203 10.6 Conclusion 203 References 203 11 Nano-Based Drug Delivery in Eliminating Tuberculosis 207 Anusha Gopinathan, Shweta Sagar Naik, Leela K.V. and Sujith Ravi 11.1 Introduction 208 11.1.1 Latent and Active Tuberculosis 208 11.1.2 Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) 209 11.1.3 Extensively Drug-Resistant TB 209 11.2 Antitubercular Therapy 209 11.3 Therapies Based on Nanotechnology 211 11.3.1 Nanoparticles for Anti-TB Therapy 211 11.3.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Nanoparticles 211 11.3.3 Types of Nanoparticles and Their Characteristics 212 11.3.3.1 TB Dendrimers 212 11.3.3.2 Cyclodextrins 213 11.3.3.3 Polymeric Micelles 213 11.3.3.4 Liposomes 213 11.3.3.5 Nanoemulsions 214 11.3.3.6 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles 214 11.3.3.7 Niosomes 214 11.3.3.8 Polymeric Nanoparticles 214 11.4 Routes of Administration of Nanoparticles 215 11.4.1 Oral Administration of Nanoparticles 215 11.4.2 Inhalational Administration of Nanoparticles 215 11.4.3 Intravenous Administration of Nanoparticles 215 11.4.4 Other Routes of Administration 216 11.5 Conclusion 216 References 216 12 Promising Approaches in Drug Delivery Against Resistant Bacteria 219 Shweta Sagar Naik, Anusha G., KakithakaraVajravelu Leela and Sujith Ravi 12.1 Introduction 219 12.2 Drug Delivery Systems 220 12.2.1 Microneedles 220 12.2.2 Nanoparticles 221 12.2.2.1 Inorganic Nanoparticles 222 12.2.2.2 Polymer-Based Nanomedicines 222 12.2.3 Lipid-Based Nanoformulations 223 12.2.4 Stimuli-Responsive Nanocarriers 224 12.2.4.1 Endogenous Stimuli 224 12.2.4.2 Exogeneous Stimuli 225 12.2.5 Nanogels 226 12.2.6 Nanofibers 226 12.2.7 Biomedical Implants 226 12.2.8 Wound Dressing 227 12.3 Biofilm Disruption 227 12.4 Conclusion 227 References 228 13 Emulgels: A Novel Approach for Enhanced Topical Drug Delivery Systems 231 Shanti Bhushan Mishra, Shradhanjali Singh, Amit Kumar Singh, Anil Kumar Singh and Divya Rani Sharma 13.1 Introduction 231 13.2 Approaches Used for Topical Drug Delivery 232 13.3 Factors Affecting Topical Absorption of Drug 233 13.4 Drug Delivery Across the Skin 233 13.5 Emulgels 234 13.5.1 Types of Emulgels 234 13.5.2 Advantages of Emulgel 235 13.5.3 Rationale of Emulgel as a Topical Drug Delivery System 236 13.5.4 Formulation Considerations 237 13.5.5 Excipients Used in the Formulation of Emulgel 238 13.5.5.1 Vehicle 238 13.5.5.2 Emulsifying Agents 238 13.5.5.3 Gelling Agent 242 13.5.5.4 Penetration Enhancers 244 13.5.5.5 Preservatives 245 13.5.5.6 Antioxidants 245 13.5.5.7 Humectant 246 13.5.6 Formulation Methods 246 13.5.7 Routes of Administration for Emulgel Formulation 248 13.5.8 Evaluation of Emulgels 248 13.5.8.1 Physical Appearance 252 13.5.8.2 Spreading Coefficient 252 13.5.8.3 Rheological Studies 252 13.5.8.4 Globule Size and its Distribution in Emulgel 252 13.5.8.5 Swelling Index 252 13.5.8.6 Extrudability Study of Topical Emulgel (Tube Test) 253 13.5.8.7 Skin Irritation Test (Patch Test) 253 13.5.8.8 Drug Content Determination 253 13.5.8.9 In Vitro Release/Permeation Studies 253 13.5.8.10 Ex Vivo Bioadhesive Strength Measurement of Topical Emulgel (Mice Shaven Skin) 254 13.5.8.11 Microbiological Assay 254 13.5.8.12 Drug Release Kinetic Study 254 13.5.8.13 Stability Studies 255 13.5.9 Marketed Preparations 255 13.5.10 Future Prospective of Emulgel as Topical Drug Delivery 256 13.5.11 Therapeutic Profile of Emulgel 258 13.6 Conclusions 258 References 258 14 Electrospun Nanofibers in Drug Delivery 263 Sathish Kumar Karuppannan, Saravannan Mani, Jayandra Bushion, Mohammed Junaid Hussain Dowlath and Kantha Deivi Arunachalam 14.1 Introduction 263 14.2 Electrospinning Setup 264 14.3 Polymers Used to Produce Electrospun Nanofibers 264 14.4 Drug Release 265 14.5 Matrix Type NFs 266 14.5.1 Monolithic 266 14.5.2 Blended NFs 266 14.6 Core-Shell Nanofibers 266 14.6.1 Multimatrix Core-Shell NFs 267 14.6.2 Reservoir Type Core-Shell NFs 267 14.7 Electrospun Nanofiber for Drug Delivery Applications 267 14.7.1 Nucleic Acid Delivery Using NFs 267 14.7.2 Antibiotics Delivery Using NFs 268 14.7.3 Vaginal Drug Delivery Using NFs 269 14.7.4 Ocular Drug Delivery Using NFs 269 14.7.5 Other Drug Delivery Using NFs 270 14.8 Conclusion 271 References 272 Part II: Drug Carriers in Drug Delivery 279 15 Role of Nanotechnology-Based Materials in Drug Delivery 281 Manasa R. and Mahesh Shivananjappa 15.1 Introduction 281 15.2 Nano-Based Drug Delivery Systems 282 15.3 Types of Nanoparticles 282 15.3.1 Polymeric Nanoparticles (PNPs) 282 15.3.2 Dendrimers 284 15.3.3 Polymeric Micelles 286 15.3.4 Liposomes 288 15.3.5 Quantum Dots (QDs) 290 15.3.6 Nanocrystals 291 15.3.7 Gold Nanoparticles 291 15.3.8 Carbon Nanoparticles 294 15.3.8.1 CNTs 294 15.3.8.2 CNH 295 15.3.8.3 Fullerenes 295 15.3.9 Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNPs) 296 15.4 Advantages of Nanoparticles 298 15.5 Toxicity of Nanoparticles 299 15.6 Conclusion 299 References 299 16 Nanomedicine Drug Delivery System 309 Akshada Atul Bakliwal, Swapnali Ashish Patil, Vijay Sharad Chudiwal, Swati Gokul Talele, Gokul Shravan Talele and Anil Govindrao Jadhav 16.1 Introduction 309 16.2 Background 312 16.3 Five Overlapping Subthemes of Nanomedicine 312 16.4 How Nanomedicine Work? 313 16.5 Nanomedicine for Screening of Individuals with Serious Diseases 313 16.6 Objectives of Nanomedicine 313 16.7 Advantages of Nanomedicine 314 16.8 Physiological Principles for Nanomedicines 315 16.9 Nanotoxicology from Nanomedicines 315 16.9.1 Health and Safety Issues 316 16.9.2 Cell Death and Altered Gene Expression 316 16.9.3 Cell Death and Gene Therapy 316 16.9.4 Pseudoallergy and Idiosyncratic Reactions 317 16.9.5 Cytotoxicity 318 16.9.6 Implications for Nanotoxicology from Nonmedical Nanoparticles 318 16.10 Nanomedicine Applications 318 16.10.1 Analytical and Diagnostic Tools 318 16.10.1.1 In Vitro Diagnostic Devices 319 16.10.1.2 In Vivo Imaging 320 16.10.2 Drug Delivery 320 16.10.2.1 Micelles 321 16.10.2.2 Nanoemulsions 321 16.10.2.3 Solid Nanoparticles 321 16.10.3 Regenerative Medicine 321 16.11 Toxicological and Ethical Issues in Nanomedicine 322 16.11.1 Toxicity Issues 322 16.11.2 Ethical Issues 323 16.12 Conclusions 323 References 324 17 Nanocarriers-Based Topical Formulations for Acne Treatment 327 Júlia Scherer Santos 17.1 Introduction 327 17.2 Acne Therapeutics 328 17.2.1 Nanocarriers Toward Topical Acne Therapy 329 17.3 Efficacy and Safety of Nanotechnology-Based Acne Therapeutics 330 17.3.1 Ex Vivo and In Vitro Assays 331 17.3.2 Animal Assays 332 17.3.3 Clinical Assays 332 17.4 Improvement of Acne Therapy by Nanocarrier-Based Formulations 332 17.4.1 Conventional Drugs in Nanocarriers 334 17.4.2 Alternatives Drugs in Nanocarriers 335 17.5 Conclusion 336 References 336 18 Emerging Trends of Ocular Drug Delivery 341 Sora Yasri and Viroj Wiwanitkit 18.1 Introduction 341 18.2 Barriers to Ocular Drug Delivery 342 18.3 Classical Drug Delivery Technology 342 18.3.1 Anterior Segment 343 18.3.2 Posterior Segment 343 18.4 Novel Interventions for Ocular Drug Delivery 343 18.4.1 Ocular Implants 343 18.4.2 Punctum Plugs 344 18.4.3 Drug-Eluting Contact Lenses 344 18.4.4 Ocular Iontophoresis 345 18.4.5 Intravitreal Implants 345 18.4.6 Ocular Vaccination 346 18.5 Applied Nanotechnology for Ocular Drug Delivery 346 18.5.1 Nanomicelle 346 18.5.2 Liposomes 347 18.5.3 Chitosan-Based Nanoparticles 347 18.5.4 Niosomes 347 18.5.5 Nanospheres 347 18.5.6 Nanocapsules 347 18.5.7 Dendrimers 348 18.5.8 Nanowafers 348 18.5.9 Micronanosurgery for Ocular Drug Delivery 348 18.6 Conclusion 348 References 349 19 Microspheres: An Overview on Recent Advances in Novel Drug Delivery System 355 Sarang Kumar Jain, Swati Saxena and Raj K. Keservani 19.1 Introduction 355 19.2 Advantages of Novel Drug Delivery System 356 19.3 Classification of Novel Drug Delivery System 356 19.3.1 Microspheres 356 19.3.1.1 Types of Microspheres 356 19.3.2 Ideal Properties of Microparticulate Carriers 357 19.3.3 Polymers Used in Preparation of Microspheres 358 19.3.4 Advantages of Microspheres 359 19.3.5 Disadvantages of Microspheres 359 19.3.6 Classification of Microspheres 359 19.3.6.1 Bioadhesive Microspheres 359 19.3.6.2 Magnetic Microspheres 359 19.3.6.3 Floating Microspheres 360 19.3.6.4 Radioactive Microspheres 360 19.3.6.5 Polymeric Microspheres 360 19.3.7 Method of Preparation of Microspheres 360 19.3.7.1 Single Emulsion Technique 361 19.3.7.2 Double Emulsion Method 361 19.3.7.3 Polymerization Technique 362 19.3.7.4 Phase Separation Coacervation Technique 362 19.3.7.5 Spray Drying and Spray Congealing Method 363 19.3.7.6 Solvent Evaporation Method 363 19.3.8 Evaluation Parameters of Microspheres 364 19.3.8.1 Particle Size and Shape 364 19.3.8.2 Chemical Analysis by Electron Spectroscopy 364 19.3.8.3 FTIR Spectroscopy 364 19.3.8.4 Determination of Density 364 19.3.8.5 Isoelectric Point Determination 364 19.3.8.6 Entrapment Efficiency 364 19.3.8.7 Angle of Contact 364 19.3.8.8 Swelling Index 365 19.3.8.9 Production Yield 365 19.3.8.10 In Vitro Drug Release Study 365 19.3.8.11 Drug Release Kinetics 365 19.3.8.12 Stability Studies 365 19.3.9 Applications of Microspheres 365 References 366 20 Drug Delivery Systems and Oral Biofilm 367 Elda Patricia Segura Ceniceros, Luis Méndez González, Reginaldo Tijerina, Eduardo Osorio Ramos, Francisco Javier Mendoza González, Verónica Leticia Rodríguez Contreras, Alejandra Isabel Vargas Segura and Luis Antonio Vázquez Olvera 20.1 Introduction 368 20.2 Oral Biofilm 369 20.2.1 Biofilm Related Infections in The Oral Cavity 371 20.2.1.1 Oral Biofilm and Periodontal Disease 371 20.2.1.2 Oral Biofilm and Endodontic Infections 373 20.2.1.3 Oral Biofilm and Dental Caries 373 20.3 Drug Delivery Systems 374 20.3.1 Nanoparticles 375 20.3.2 Hydrogels 375 20.3.3 Dendrimers 376 20.4 Applications of Drug Delivery Systems for Treatment of Oral Biofilm Infection 376 20.4.1 DDS and Dental Caries 377 20.4.2 DDS and Periodontal Disease 378 20.4.3 DDS and Other Oral Pathologies 378 20.5 Conclusion 379 References 379 21 Oral Drug Delivery System: An Overview on Recent Advances in Novel Drug Delivery System 383 Sarang Kumar Jain, Ankita Sahu and Raj K. Keservani 21.1 Introduction 383 21.1.1 Oral Route 383 21.1.2 Oral Health 385 21.1.3 Oral Hygiene 386 21.2 Oral Drug Administration Sites 387 21.2.1 Oral Mucosal Drug Delivery System 387 21.2.1.1 Physiology of Oral Mucosa 388 21.2.1.2 Importance of Saliva and Mucin 388 21.2.2 Buccal and Sublingual Drug Absorption 389 21.3 Factors Affecting Drug Absorption 389 21.3.1 Lipid Solubility, pH, and Degree of Ionization 390 21.3.2 Molecule Weight and Size of Drug 390 21.3.3 Formulation Physiochemical Properties Related Factors 390 21.3.4 Permeability Enhancer 390 21.4 Drug Delivery for Periodontitis 391 21.4.1 Periodontal Pocket 391 21.4.1.1 Classification of Periodontal Pockets According to their Morphology 391 21.4.1.2 Classification of Periodontal Pocket According to the Involvement of Tooth Surfaces 392 21.5 Oral Periodontitis Drug Delivery System 393 21.5.1 Antibacterial DDS for Periodontitis 393 21.5.2 Remineralizing DDS 393 21.5.3 Inflammation Modulating and Alveolar Bone Repairing DDS for Periodontitis 394 21.5.3.1 DDS for Peri-Implantitis 394 21.6 Teeth Treatments 394 21.7 Periodontal Local Drug Delivery 395 21.8 Carriers of Oral and Periodontitis Drug Delivery System 395 21.8.1 Hydrogel 396 21.8.2 Dendrimers 396 21.8.3 Chewing Gum 396 21.8.4 Lozenges 397 21.8.5 Tablets 397 21.9 Mucoadhesive Drug Delivery System/Buccal Adhesive Drug Delivery System 397 21.9.1 Patches and Films 398 21.9.2 Oral Suspension 398 21.9.3 Spray 398 21.9.4 Liposome 398 21.9.5 Nanoparticles 399 21.9.6 Laminated Film 399 21.9.7 Injectable Gels 399 21.9.8 Fibers 399 21.9.9 Strips and Compacts 399 References 400 22 Cancer Nanotheranostics: A Review 401 Ozge Esim and Canan Hascikek 22.1 Introduction 401 22.1.1 Lipid and Polymer-Based Nanosystems 403 22.1.2 Magnetic Nanoparticles 413 22.1.3 Quantum Dots (QD) 418 22.1.4 Other Metal-Derived Nanoparticles 421 22.2 Conclusion 425 References 425 23 Nanomedicine in Lung Cancer Therapy 433 Jagdale Swati C., HableAsawaree A. and ChabukswarAnuruddha R. 23.1 Introduction 433 23.2 Nanotechnology 434 23.3 Nanomedicines for Lung Cancer Therapy 435 23.3.1 Nanoparticles 436 23.3.1.1 Gold and Silver Nanoparticles 436 23.3.1.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles 437 23.3.1.3 Inhalable Nanoparticles 437 23.3.2 Micelles 437 23.3.3 Dendrimers 439 23.3.4 Liposome 439 23.3.5 Carbon Nanotubes 440 23.3.6 Quantum Dots 441 23.3.7 Nanofibers 442 23.3.8 Nanoshells 442 23.4 Evaluation of Nanoformulations 442 23.5 Application of Nanoformulations 443 23.6 Marketed Therapies 444 23.7 Challenges 445 23.8 Potential 445 23.9 Future Scope 446 23.10 Conclusion 446 References 446 24 Delivering Herbal Drugs Using Nanotechnology 449 Manasa R. and Mahesh Shivananjappa 24.1 Introduction 449 24.2 Methods of Preparation of Nanoparticles 450 24.3 Novel Drug Delivery Systems (NDDS) for Herbal Drugs 451 24.3.1 Liposomes 451 24.3.2 Phytosomes 454 24.3.3 Transferosome 457 24.3.4 Niosomes 458 24.3.5 Ethosomes 459 24.3.6 Dendrimers 459 24.3.7 Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) 462 24.3.8 Self-Micro Emulsifying Drug Delivery System (SMEDDS) 463 24.4 Conclusion 464 References 464 25 Nanoherbals Drug Delivery System for Treatment of Chronic Asthma 473 Harsh Yadav, Satish Dubey, Naureen Shaba Khan and Ashwini Kumar Dixit 25.1 Introduction 474 25.2 Mechanism of Asthma Physiopathology 474 25.3 Asthma Etiology 475 25.4 Severity of Asthma 475 25.5 Asthma Phenotypes 475 25.6 Asthma Epidemiology 476 25.7 Asthma Treatment 476 25.7.1 Adverse Effects of Current Treatment Techniques 477 25.8 Need of Natural Products as Alternative 477 25.9 Selected Medicinal Plants in Asthma Treatment 478 25.9.1 Piper betel Linn 478 25.9.2 Bacopa monnieri L. 479 25.9.3 Momordica charantia 479 25.9.4 Ficus bengalensis (Linn.) 479 25.9.5 Clerodendrum serratum (Linn.) Moon 479 25.10 Potentials of Nanotechnology in Asthma Drug Delivery 479 25.11 Nanoherbals as Asthma Drug Delivery System 482 25.12 Future Prospectus of Nanoherbal Drug Delivery 483 25.13 Conclusion 484 References 484 26 Nutrients Delivery for Management and Prevention of Diseases 491 Darul Raiyaan G. I., Sameera Khathoon A. and Kantha D. Arunachalam 26.1 Introduction 491 26.2 Nutrients in Management and Prevention of Disease 492 26.2.1 Herbal Nutrients 492 26.2.2 FDA Regulations on Herbal Drugs 493 26.3 Phenolic Nutraceuticals 493 26.3.1 Polyphenols and Neurodegeneration 494 26.3.2 Polyphenols and Brain Tumors 494 26.3.3 Phenols and Other Cancer Treatments 494 26.3.4 Phenols and Hepatotoxicity 495 26.3.5 Clinical Trials 496 26.3.6 Curcumin 496 26.4 Routes for Nutrients Delivery 497 26.4.1 Oral Route 497 26.4.2 Intranasal Delivery 497 26.4.3 Transdermal Route 497 26.5 Nanoparticle-Based Nutrients Delivery System 498 26.5.1 Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs) 498 26.5.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) 499 26.5.3 Liposomes 499 26.5.4 Nanocrystals 499 26.5.5 α-Lactalbumin 500 26.5.6 Carbon Nanotubes 500 26.5.7 Nanocochleates 500 26.5.8 Nanosized Self-Assembled Liquid Structures 500 26.5.9 Polysaccharide-Based Nanoscale Delivery of Nutrients 500 26.5.10 Chitosan 501 26.5.11 Alginate 501 26.5.12 Pectin 502 26.5.13 Gum Arabic 502 26.5.14 Cashew Gum 503 26.6 Protein-Based Nanoscale Delivery of Nutrients 503 26.6.1 Zein 503 26.6.2 Gliadin 503 26.6.3 Soy Protein Isolates (SPI) 504 26.6.4 Whey Protein 504 26.6.5 Casein 505 26.6.6 Other Proteins 505 26.7 Micelles 505 26.8 Advantages of Nanomaterials in Nutraceuticals 507 26.9 Safety and Toxicity of Nanostructures Applied in Food Systems 509 26.10 Conclusion 509 References 509 27 Nanonutraceuticals for Drug Delivery 521 Charu Gupta and Dhan Prakash 27.1 Introduction 521 27.2 Approaches to Enhance Oral Bioavailability of Nutraceuticals 522 27.2.1 Protection of Labile Compounds 523 27.2.2 Extension of Gastric Retention Time 523 27.2.3 Intonation of Metabolic Activities 523 27.3 Carriers for Nutraceutical Delivery 523 27.3.1 Nanoparticles for Nutraceuticals Delivery 524 27.3.2 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs) for Nutraceutical Delivery 524 27.3.3 Niosomes 525 27.3.4 Nanospheres 525 27.3.5 Nanoliposomes 525 27.3.6 Nanofibers 526 27.3.7 Nanoemulsion 526 27.4 Nanotechnology in Food Sector 527 27.4.1 Nanotechnology in Nutraceuticals 527 27.4.2 Nanotechnology in Medications 528 27.4.3 Commercial Nanonutraceuticals 533 27.4.4 Nanosized Self-Assembled Structured Liquids 534 27.5 Delivery of Nutraceuticals 536 27.5.1 In-Feed or Oral Nanodelivery 536 27.5.2 Dermal Delivery 537 27.5.3 Ophthalmic Delivery 537 27.6 Constraints in Nanodrug Delivery Systems 537 27.7 Conclusion 537 Acknowledgments 538 References 538 Index 541

The 27 chapters describe novel strategies for drug/nutraceutical delivery and embrace the development of formulations with herbal ingredients, while also highlighting disease therapeutics. Drug delivery technology has witnessed many advancements purported to cater to the customized needs of its ultimate beneficiaries—the patients. Today, dosage forms are not confined to conventional tablets, capsules, or injectables, but have evolved to cover novel drug carriers such as particulates, vesicles, and many others. Nanotechnological advancements have played a major role in this paradigm shift in ways of delivering active pharmaceutical ingredients. A new dimension in the use of food as medicine has also gained prominence in recent years. A portmanteau of nutrition and pharmaceuticals is “nutraceuticals,” also known as functional foods and dietary supplements. The technologies which were earlier included in drug delivery have been attempted for the delivery of nutraceuticals as well. Herbal actives have received increased attention due to their low risk-to-benefit ratio. The field of drug delivery is quite dynamic in nature, as witnessed by its evolution from conventional dosage forms to nanotechnology-assisted drug products. A variety of formulations via different drug delivery routes have been developed to treat/cure/mitigate diseases or disorders. This book, comprising of 27 chapters, is a thorough compilation of information relevant to drug delivery systems with an emphasis on products based on nanotechnology. Audience Researchers, scientists, industry professionals, formulators and product developers, regulatory agencies in a variety of settings including novel drug delivery research laboratories, pharmaceutical, and pharmacy industries, biomedical sciences, food and nutraceuticals manufacturers, and nanotechnology.