Colorimetry: Fundamentals and Applications covers a wide range of colorimetric topics and their application to color engineering. Focusing on practical knowledge, this book is the ideal reference for practicing engineers involved in colorimetry, and undergraduate or graduate students who want to acquire knowledge in the field.

About the Authors ix Series Preface xi Preface xiii Introduction xv 1 Light, Vision and Photometry 1 1.1 Light 1 1.2 Mechanism of the Human Eye 4 1.3 Adaptation and Responsivity of the Human Eye 7 1.4 Spectral Responsivity and the Standard Photometric Observer 9 1.5 Definition of Photometric Quantities 17 1.6 Photometric Units 21 1.7 Calculation and Measurement of Photometric Quantities 26 1.8 Relations Between Photometric Quantities 31 Note 1.1 Luminous Exitance, Illuminance, and Luminance of a Perfect Diffusing Plane Light Source 34 Note 1.2 Luminance and Brightness 36 2 Color Vision and Color Specification Systems 39 2.1 Mechanism of Color Vision 39 2.2 Chemistry of Color Vision 46 2.3 Color Specification and Terminology 48 2.4 Munsell Color System 52 2.5 Color System Using Additive Color Mixing 57 Note 2.1 Colorfulness, Chroma and Saturation 61 3 CIE Standard Colorimetric System 63 3.1 RGB Color Specification System 63 3.2 Conversion into XYZ Color Specification System 68 3.3 X10Y10Z10 Color Specification System 71 3.4 Tristimulus Values and Chromaticity Coordinates 74 3.5 Metamerism 76 3.6 Dominant Wavelength and Purity 78 3.7 Color Temperature and Correlated Color Temperature 82 3.8 Illuminants and Light Sources 85 3.9 Standard and Supplementary Illuminants 92 Note 3.1 Derivation of Color Matching Functions from Guild and Wright’s Results 96 Note 3.2 Conversion between Color Specification Systems 99 Note 3.3 Conversion into XYZ Color Specification System 101 Note 3.4 Imaginary Colors [X] and [Z] 105 Note 3.5 Photometric Quantities in the X 10 Y 10 Z 10 Color System 108 Note 3.6 Origin of the Term ‘Metamerism’ 109 Note 3.7 Simple Methods for Obtaining Correlated Color Temperature 110 Note 3.8 Color Temperature Conversion Filter 111 Note 3.9 Spectral Distribution of Black-body Radiation 113 4 Uniform Color Spaces 115 4.1 Uniform Chromaticity Diagrams 115 4.2 Uniform Lightness Scales (ULS) 122 4.3 CIE Uniform Color Spaces 127 4.4 Correlates of Perceived Attributes 132 4.5 Comparing CIELAB and CIELUV Color Spaces 134 4.6 Conversion of Color Difference 140 4.7 Color Difference Equations Based on CIELAB 143 Note 4.1 Calculation of Munsell Value V from Luminous Reflectance Y 144 Note 4.2 Modified CIELAB and CIELUV Equations for Dark Colors 146 Note 4.3 Other Color Difference Formulas 147 Note 4.4 Direct Calculation of Hue Difference ΔH* 150 5 Measurement and Calculation of Colorimetric Values 153 5.1 Direct Measurement of Tristimulus Values 153 5.2 Spectral Colorimetry 156 5.3 Geometrical Conditions for Measurement 158 5.4 Calculation of Colorimetric Values 161 5.5 Colorimetric Values in CIELAB and CIELUV Uniform Color Spaces 167 Note 5.1 Spectral Colorimetry of Fluorescent Materials 172 Note 5.2 Reference Standard for Reflection Measurements 173 6 Evolution of CIE Standard Colorimetric System 175 6.1 Additive Mixing 176 6.2 Subtractive Mixing 180 6.3 Maximum Value of Luminous Efficacy and Optimal Colors 184 6.4 Chromatic Adaptation Process 188 6.5 von Kries’ Predictive Equation for Chromatic Adaptation 191 6.6 CIE Predictive Equations for Chromatic Adaptation 194 6.7 Color Vision Models 197 6.8 Color Appearance Models 198 6.9 Analysis of Metamerism 204 Note 6.1 Color Mixing Rule 211 Note 6.2 Lambert–Beer Law 213 Note 6.3 Method for Calculating the Maximum Value of the Luminous Efficacy of Radiation 214 Note 6.4 Method for Calculating Optimal Colors 215 Note 6.5 Method for Obtaining Fundamental Spectral Responsivities 216 Note 6.6 Deducing von Kries’ Predictive Equation for Chromatic Adaptation 221 Note 6.7 Application of von Kries’ Equation for Chromatic Adaptation 223 Note 6.8 Application of CIE 1994 Chromatic Adaptation Transform 225 Note 6.9 Theoretical Limits for Deviation from Metamerism 226 7 Application of CIE Standard Colorimetric System 229 7.1 Evaluation of the Color Rendering Properties of Light Sources 229 7.2 Evaluation of the Spectral Distribution of Daylight Simulators 237 7.3 Evaluation of Whiteness 242 7.4 Evaluation of Degree of Metamerism for Change of Illuminant 244 7.5 Evaluation of Degree of Metamerism for Change of Observer 249 7.6 Designing Spectral Distributions of Illuminants 255 7.7 Computer Color Matching 261 Note 7.1 Computation Method for Prescribed Spectral Distributions 268 Appendix I Basic Units and Terms 271 AI.1 SI Units 271 AI.2 Prefixes for SI Units 272 AI.3 Fundamental Constants 272 AI.4 Greek Letters 272 Appendix II Matrix Algebra 275 AII.1 Addition and Subtraction of Matrices 276 AII.2 Multiplication of Matrices 277 AII.3 Inverse Matrix 277 AII.4 Transpose Matrix 278 Appendix III Partial Derivatives 281 Appendix IV Tables 285 References 321 Bibliography 327 Index 329

Colorimetry, the science of quantitvely describing color, is essential for color reproduction technology. This is because it creates standards by which to measure color, using mathematical techniques and software to ensure fidelity across media, allow accurate color mixing, and to develop color optimization. This book is a comprehensive and thorough introduction to colorimetry, taking the reader from basic concepts through to a variety of industrial applications. Set out in clear, easy-to-follow terminology, Ohta and Robertson explain fundamental principles such as color specification, the CIE (International Commission on Illumination) system, and color vision and appearance models. They also cover the following topics: the optimization of color reproduction;uniform color spaces and color difference formulae, including the CIEDE 2000 formula;applications of metamerism, chromatic adaptation, color appearance and color rendering;mathematical formulae for calculating color mixing, maximising luminous efficacy, and designing illuminants with specific properties. Colorimetry: Fundamentals and Applications is an ideal reference for practising color engineers, color scientists and imaging professionals working on color systems. It is also a practical guide for senior undergraduate and graduate students who want to acquire knowledge in the field.

"This volume will be a useful addition to academic libraries and will be indispensible for basic and clinical researchers in this growing field." (E-Streams, June 2008) "…a systematic and unambiguous exposition of how color is defined, measured, and seen by humans under different viewing conditions…highly recommended." (CHOICE, June 2006)