List of Contributors xii Preface xvi 1 Regulation of Metabolites by Nutrients in Plants 1 Akash Tariq, Fanjiang Zeng, Corina Graciano, Abd Ullah, Sehrish Sadia, Zeeshan Ahmed, Ghulam Murtaza, Khasan Ismoilov, and Zhihao Zhang Introduction 1 Nitrogen (N) 2 Phosphorus (P) 3 Potassium (K) 5 Sulfur (S) 7 Magnesium (Mg) 7 Calcium (Ca) 8 Boron (B) 9 Chlorine (Cl) 10 Copper (Cu) 11 Iron (Fe) 11 References 12 2 Agricultural Production Relation with Nutrient Applications 19 Sehrish Sadia, Muhammad Zubair, Akash Tariq, Fanjiang Zeng, Corina Graciano, Abd Ullah, Zeeshan Ahmed, Zhihao Zhang, and Khasan Ismoilov Introduction 19 Soil as a Basic Element in Agriculture 21 Constituents and Ingredients of Soil 21 Essential Nutrients in Agriculture Especially in Plants 23 Beneficial/Valuable Nutrients 24 Some Other Valuable Nutrients 24 Plant Nutrient Sources 24 Plant Nutrients Supply and Nature 24 Compost 25 Biosolids 25 Manure of Livestock 25 Crop Residues 25 Atmospheric Deposition 26 Synthetic Fertilizers 26 Issues Related to Plant Nutrition 26 Fertilizers and Fertilization Strategies 27 References 28 3 Role of Nutrients in the ROS Metabolism in Plants 30 Muhammad Arslan Ashraf, Rizwan Rasheed, Mudassir Iqbal Shad, Iqbal Hussain, and Muhammad Iqbal Introduction 30 Oxidative Defense System 31 Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and Reactive Nitrogen Species (RNS) 33 ROS Generation and Functions in Plants 34 RNS and ROS Signaling in Plants in Response to Environmental Stresses 35 Antioxidant Compounds 36 Antioxidant-Mediated RNS/ROS Regulation 37 Role of Nutrients in ROS Metabolism Under Salinity 39 Role of Nutrients in ROS Metabolism Under Drought 40 Role of Nutrients in ROS Metabolism Under Heavy Metal Stress 42 Role of Nutrients in ROS Metabolism Under Low- and High-Temperature Stress 43 References 45 4 Polyamines Metabolism and their Regulatory Mechanism in Plant Development and in Abiotic Stress Tolerance 54 Savita Bhardwaj, Tunisha Verma, Monika Thakur, Rajeev Kumar, and Dhriti Kapoor Introduction 54 Distribution, Biosynthesis, and Catabolism of Polyamines 55 Distribution 55 Polyamine Biosynthesis 55 Catabolism 57 Role of Polyamines in Plant Development 57 Polyamines as Biochemical Markers for Abiotic Stress Tolerance 59 Drought Stress 59 Salinity Stress 60 Heavy Metal Stress 61 Temperature Stress 62 Crosstalk of Polyamines with Other Signaling Molecules 63 Nitric Oxide 63 Plant Growth Regulators 64 Conclusion 65 References 65 5 Mycorrhizal Symbiosis and Nutrients Uptake in Plants 73 Kashif Tanwir, Saghir Abbas, Muhammad Shahid, Hassan Javed Chaudhary, and Muhammad Tariq Javed Introduction 73 Mycorrhizal Association and Its Types 74 Endomycorrhiza 74 Ectomycorrhiza (ECM) 75 Establishment of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza in Soil 76 Growth of Asymbiotic Hyphae 76 Presymbiotic Stage 77 Different Symbiotic Stages of Fungal Mycelium Growth 77 Root Modifications for Accumulation of Nutrients 79 Nitrogen Uptake Mechanisms of Mycorrhizal Symbionts 80 Phosphorus Accumulation Mechanisms of Mycorrhizal Fungus 81 Potassium (K) and Sodium (Na) Uptake Mechanisms of Mycorrhizal Fungi 83 Metabolism of Sulfur in Mycorrhizal Symbiosis 83 Role of Mycorrhizal Lipid Metabolism in Nutrients Accumulation 84 Mechanism of Micronutrients and Heavy Metal Uptake in Mycorrhizae 85 Carbons-Based Triggering of Nutrients Accumulation in Mycorrhizal Symbiosis 86 Conclusion 87 References 87 6 Nutrient Availability Regulates Root System Behavior 96 Salar Farhangi-Abriz and Kazem Ghassemi-Golezani Introduction 96 Nutrients Importance in Root Growth and Development 98 Morpho-Physiological Responses of Plant Roots to Nutrients Availability 99 Macronutrients 99 Nitrogen 99 Phosphorus 101 Potassium 103 Calcium 104 Magnesium 105 Sulfur 105 Micronutrients 106 Zinc 106 Boron 108 Copper 108 Iron 109 Nano Nutrients and Root System Modifications 110 Management Strategies for Maximizing Root Systems 110 Soil Management 110 Plant Management 111 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 111 References 112 7 Potassium Transport Systems at the Plasma Membrane of Plant Cells. Tools for Improving Potassium Use Efficiency of Crops 120 Jesús Amo, Almudena Martínez-Martínez, Vicente Martínez, Manuel Nieves-Cordones, and Francisco Rubio Potassium (K+) as a Macronutrient for Plants 120 Functions of K+ and Its Concentration in Plant Cells 120 Concentrations of K+ in Soil, K+-Deficient Soils, and Presence of Environmental Conditions that Affect K+ Nutrition 121 K+ Transport Systems 122 HAK/KT/KUP Transporters 123 Voltage-Gated K+ Channels 124 HKT Transporters 125 Cyclic Nucleotide Gated Channels 126 Key Points for K+ Homeostasis and Transport Systems Involved 127 General Mechanisms of Regulation 129 Transcriptional Regulation 129 PostTranslational Regulation 131 Multimerization and Regulatory Subunits 131 Regulation by Phosphorylation 131 Agriculture for the Future: K+ Use Efficiency and Stress Tolerance 132 K+ Use Efficiency 132 Abiotic Stress Affecting K+ Homeostasis 133 Salinity 133 Drought 134 Waterlogging 134 Toxic Ions 135 Biotic Stress Affecting K+ Homeostasis 136 Biotechnological Approaches and Emerging Techniques for Crop Improvement 136 Models Versus Crops and Translational Research 136 Natural Variation Exploitation 137 New Alleles Generated in the Lab 138 Genome Editing 138 References 139 8 Role of Nutrients in Modifications of Fruit Quality and Antioxidant Activity 148 Tomo Milošević and Nebojša Milošević Introduction 148 Short Overview About Fruit Quality 149 Main Role of Mineral Elements on Trees Growth, Development, and Fruit Quality 150 The Ionomic Analysis of Fruit Crops 152 Requirements of Fruit Trees to Chemical Elements 153 The Role of Elements in the Metabolism of Fruit Trees and in Improving Quality 155 Macroelements 155 Nitrogen (N) 155 Phosphorus (P) 156 Potassium (K) 156 Calcium (Ca) 157 Magnesium (Mg) 157 Sulfur (S) 158 Microelements 158 Iron (Fe) 158 Manganese (Mn) 159 Copper (Cu) 159 Zinc (Zn) 159 Boron (B) 159 Other Essential Microelements 160 Conclusion and Future Prospects 161 References 162 9 Nutrients Use Efficiency in Plants 171 Neda Dalir Introduction 171 Nutrient Use Efficiency (Concepts and Importance) 172 Role of Nutrient-Efficient Plants for Improving Crop Yields 172 Physiological Mechanisms in Plant Nutrient Use Efficiency 173 Uptake Efficiency 173 Acquisition of Available Nutrients 173 Increasing Nutrient Availability 174 Utilization Efficiency 175 Conclusion and Future Prospects 175 References 176 10 Nutrients Uptake and Transport in Plants: An Overview 180 Neda Dalir Introduction 180 Routes from the Soil to the Stele 181 Apoplastic Pathway 181 Symplastic Pathway 183 Movement of Solutes Across Membranes 183 Passive Transport 184 Simple Diffusion 184 Facilitated Diffusion 184 Osmosis 185 Active Transport 185 Primary Active Transport 185 Secondary Active Transport 185 Radial Transport of Mineral Ions 186 Long Transport of Mineral Ions 186 Conclusion and Future Prospects 187 References 187 11 Regulation of Phytohormonal Signaling by Nutrients in Plant 191 Harshita Joshi, Nikita Bisht, and Puneet Singh Chauhan Introduction 191 Phytohormones: Structure, Sites of Biosynthesis, and its Effects 192 Interaction between Nutrient Availability and Phytohormone Signaling 195 Nutrients in Cytokinin (CK) Signaling 197 Nutrients in Ethylene (ETH) Signaling 198 Nutrients in Auxin Signaling 199 Nutrients in Gibberellic Acid (GA) and Abscisic Acid (ABA) Signaling 201 Nutrient Availability and Signaling of other Phytohormones 201 Jasmonic Acid (JA) 202 Brassinosteroids (BR) 202 Salicylic Acid (SA) 202 Polyamines and Strigolactones 203 Transcriptional Interrelation between Nutrient Deprivation and Phytohormones 203 Conclusions and Prospects 204 Acknowledgments 204 References 204 12 Nutrients Regulation and Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Plants 209 Nikita Bisht, Harshita Joshi, and Puneet Singh Chauhan Introduction 209 How Abiotic Stresses Affect Plants 210 Plant’s Response to Abiotic Stress 211 Mineral Nutrients in the Alleviation of Abiotic Stress in Plants 213 Macronutrients 213 Micronutrients 215 Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR), Mineral Nutrients, and Abiotic Stress 216 Conclusion 217 Acknowledgments 217 References 219 13 Nutrient Management and Stress Tolerance in Crops 224 Saghir Abbas, Kashif Tanwir, Amna, Muhammad Tariq Javed, and Muhammad Sohail Akram Introduction 224 Implications of Abiotic Stress in Plants 226 Salinity Stress 226 Drought 227 Toxic Metals 228 Other Stresses 228 Role of Nutrients in Stress Tolerance 229 Nitrogen 229 Nitrogen Role in Stress Tolerance 230 Potassium 230 Role of Potassium in Stress Tolerance 231 Phosphorus 232 Role of Phosphorus in Stress Tolerance 232 Calcium 233 Role of Calcium Under Stress 233 Sulfur 234 Role of Sulfur in Stress Tolerance 234 Magnesium 234 Role of Mg in Stress Tolerance 235 Boron 235 Role of Boron Under Stress 236 Iron 236 Role of Iron in Stress 236 Zinc 237 Role of Zn Under Stress 237 Copper 238 Role of Copper in Stress Tolerance 238 Manganese 238 Role of Mn in Stress Tolerance 239 Molybdenum 239 Molybdenum Role Under Stress 239 Conclusion 240 References 241 Index 253

A thoroughly up-to-date exploration of nutrient uptake in plants In Plant Ionomics: Sensing, Signaling and Regulation, accomplished botanists and researchers Dr. Vijay Singh and Dr. Manzer Siddiqui deliver an up-to-date discussion on the sensing, signaling, and regulation of nutrient uptake in plants under a variety of conditions. The book offers an accessible and easy-to-use reference for researchers with an interest in plant ionomics, combining the latest research from leading laboratories around the globe. The authors provide coverage of a variety of critical topics, including plant and soil nutrient stoichiometry, nutrient management and stress tolerance in crops, and the relationship between agricultural production and nutrient applications. Readers will also find: A thorough introduction to nutrient regulation and abiotic stress tolerance in plantsIn-depth discussions of nutrient uptake and transport in plants and the role of nutrients in ROS metabolismPractical explorations of nutrient and sugar signaling and associated gene networks in plantsExtensive treatments of the role of nutrients in plant–microbe interactions and nutrient-use efficiency in plants Perfect for students, researchers, academics, and scientists with an interest in plant nutrition, Plant Ionomics: Sensing, Signaling and Regulation will also earn a place in the libraries of professionals in the agriculture and pharmaceutical industries.