Preface xv About the Companion Website xvii 1 Animal Associations and the Importance of Parasites 1 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Animal Associations 1 1.3 Parasite Hosts 10 1.4 Zoonotic Infections 13 1.5 The Co-evolution of Parasites and Their Hosts 13 1.6 Parasitism as a 'Lifestyle': Advantages and Limitations 17 1.7 The Economic Cost of Parasitic Diseases 18 1.8 Why Parasitic Diseases Remain a Problem 22 2 Taxonomy 27 2.1 Introduction 27 2.2 Viruses: A Special (Unresolved) Case 28 2.3 Taxonomic Hierarchy 28 2.4 Kingdom Protista 30 2.5 Kingdom Animalia 31 3 Parasitic Protozoa Part A: Phyla Rhizopoda, Metamonada, Apicomplexa 33 3.1 Introduction 33 3.2 Phylum Rhizopoda 34 3.3 Phylum Metamonada 42 3.4 Phylum Apicomplexa 49 3.5 Subclass Coccidiasina 60 4 Parasitic Protozoa Part B: Phylum Kinetoplastida; Parasitic Algae and Fungi 74 4.1 Introduction 74 4.2 Phylum Kinetoplastida 74 4.3 Phylum Chlorophyta 96 4.4 Kingdom Fungi 97 5 Platyhelminth and Acanthocephalan Parasites 101 5.1 Introduction 101 5.2 Phylum Platyhelminthes 101 5.3 Class Cestoda 125 5.4 Phylum Acanthocephala 145 6 Nematode Parasites 148 6.1 Introduction 148 6.2 Class Enoplea 150 6.3 Class Rhabdita 156 7 Arthropod Parasites 182 7.1 Introduction 182 7.2 Phylum Chelicerata 183 7.3 Phylum Crustacea 194 7.4 Subphylum Hexapoda 200 8 Parasite Transmission 229 8.1 Introduction 229 8.2 Contaminative Transmission 230 8.3 Transmission Associated with Reproduction 234 8.4 Autoinfection 239 8.5 Nosocomial Transmission 239 8.6 Active Parasite Transmission 240 8.7 Hosts and Vectors 241 8.8 Host Factors 246 8.9 Co-Transmission and Interactions Between Pathogens 254 8.10 Environmental Factors 256 9 Immune Reactions to Parasitic Infections 261 9.1 Introduction 261 9.2 Invertebrate Immunity 262 9.3 Vertebrate Immunity 265 9.4 Innate Immunity to Parasites 272 9.5 Adaptive Immune Reactions to Parasites 275 9.6 Microbiomes and Host Immune Reactions to Parasites 277 9.7 Avoiding the Host Immune Response 278 9.8 Immunity to Malaria 284 9.9 Schistosoma spp. and Hepatitis C Virus Interactions 289 9.10 HIV-AIDS and Parasitic Infections 289 10 Pathology Part A: Factors Influencing Pathogenesis, How Parasites Cause Pathology, Types of Pathology 295 10.1 Introduction 296 10.2 Factors Influencing Pathogenesis 296 10.3 Mechanisms By Which Parasites Cause Pathology 298 10.4 Types of Pathology 300 11 Pathology Part B: Damage to Specific Organs; Co-Infections and Pathogenesis 322 11.1 Introduction 322 11.2 Damage to Specific Organs 322 11.3 Co-Infections and Pathogenesis 344 12 The Useful Parasite 347 12.1 Introduction: The Goodness of Parasites? 347 12.2 The Importance of Parasites for the Maintenance of a Healthy Immune System 348 12.3 The Use of Parasites to Treat Medical Conditions 355 12.4 Parasites as Sources of Novel Pharmaceutically Active Substances 366 12.5 Parasites as Biological Control Agents 369 12.6 Parasites as Forensic Indicators 372 13 The Identification of Protozoan and Helminth Parasites 375 13.1 Laboratory Testing for Parasitic Infections: Introduction 375 13.2 Importance of Correct Identification 376 13.3 Properties of an Ideal Diagnostic Test 377 13.4 Isolation of Parasites 379 13.5 Identification from Gross Morphology 382 13.6 Biochemical Techniques for Identification 386 13.7 Immunological Techniques for Identification 387 13.8 Molecular Techniques for Identification 389 13.9 Diagnostic Testing of Parasitic Infections Outside the Laboratory: Introduction 393 14 Parasite Treatment 403 14.1 Introduction 403 14.2 The Ideal Antiparasitic Drug 403 14.3 Pharmaceutical Drugs 409 14.4 DNA/RNA Technology 411 14.5 Molecular Chaperones (Heat Shock Proteins) 414 14.6 Nanotechnology 415 14.7 Quantum Dots 417 14.8 Natural Remedies 417 14.9 Homeopathy 421 15 Parasite Vaccines 422 15.1 Introduction 422 15.2 The Design and Use of Vaccines 423 15.3 Herd Immunity 423 15.4 Factors Limiting the Production of Commercial Antiparasitic Vaccines 424 15.5 Properties of an Ideal Vaccine 424 15.6 Types of Vaccine 426 15.7 Identification of Antigens for Use in Anti-parasite Vaccines 432 15.8 Vaccine Delivery 433 15.9 Vaccines Against Malaria 434 15.10 Nanobodies (Single Domain Antibodies) 435 15.11 Problems with Vaccination Strategies 435 16 Parasite Control 437 16.1 Introduction 437 16.2 Eradication, Elimination, and Control 439 16.3 Education 441 16.4 Environmental Modification and Cultural Control 442 16.5 Remote Sensing and GIS Technology 444 16.6 Whether to Treat the Individual or the Population 445 16.7 Piggy-Backing Control Programmes 447 16.8 Disruptions to Control Programmes 447 16.9 Role of Governments, Foundations, and Aid Organisations 449 References 452 Index 521

Highly detailed textbook on parasites and parasite relationships The fully revised edition of Parasitology: An Integrated Approach holds true to its engaging and easy-to-read approach. It comprehensively covers the complex and dynamic interaction between the parasite and its host ranging from invertebrates to vertebrates. Following an integrated approach, the authors explain how the study of parasites requires an understanding of biological concepts such as growth and reproduction, molecular biology, biochemistry, immunology, and pathology. In this second edition, they further address parasites and parasite relationships in the grand scheme of global changes and their impact. This textbook also reviews the often-neglected positive aspects of parasite infections and how humans have used parasites for their own advantage. Parasitology: An Integrated Approach, 2nd edition includes supplementary learning resources such as self-assessment quizzes, practical exercises, and an extensive collection of photographs. Now includes parasite life cycles in colourStrong focus on parasite interactions with other pathogens such as bacteria and virusesDiscusses major advancements in the field of parasite diagnosticsAdditional image material and learning resources (quizzes, practical exercises) provided online A valuable and comprehensive learning resource for undergraduate students in the biological, biomedical and veterinary sciences and in medicine. It is also of interest to postgraduates and professionals with an interest including but not limited to parasitology, animal welfare, ecology, and medical microbiology.