Volume 1 About the Editors xix Preface xxiii 1 Xylanases: Sources, Production, and Purification Strategies 1 Mariana Delgado-Garcia, Lizeth G. Campos-Muzquiz, Rocio G. Castillo-Godina, Sendar D. Nery-Flores, Lissethe Palomo-Ligas, Adriana C. Flores-Gallegos, Beatriz del C. Cutiño-Laguna, and Raul Rodriguez-Herrera 1.1 Introduction 1 1.2 Sources, Production, and Purification Strategies 3 1.3 Structure 5 1.4 Xylanases as Biocatalyst 8 1.5 Genomics Studies on Xylanases 11 1.6 Xylanases as a Promising Enzyme for Industrial Applications 13 1.7 Industrial Food Applications 14 1.8 Future Trends 17 1.9 Conclusions 19 Acknowledgment 19 References 20 2 Exploration of the Microbial Urease and Their Industrial Applications 31 Jackson Khedia, Rupali Gupta, and Gautam Anand 2.1 Urease Enzyme and Its History 31 2.2 Urea Hydrolysis 31 2.3 Sources and Molecular Attributes of Urease Enzyme 32 2.4 Urease Purification 33 2.5 Applications of Urease Enzyme 36 2.6 Conclusion and Future Aspects 40 References 41 3 Methane Monooxygenase Production and Its Limitations 47 Gaurav S. Rana, Neetika Naudiyal, Vaibhav Badoni, Amit S. Rana, Ashutosh Dubey, and Ashok K. Verma 3.1 Introduction 47 3.2 Classes of MMO 48 3.3 Structure and Active Site of MMO 50 3.4 Mechanism of Action 52 3.5 Regulation of MMO 54 3.6 Sources of MMO 54 3.7 Genetic Engineering of MMOs 55 3.8 MMO Production 57 3.9 Applications of MMO and Methanotrophs 58 3.10 Limitations in MMO Production 61 3.11 Conclusion 61 References 62 4 Polyhydroxyalkanoates: An Eco-sustainable Development Toward a Green World 67 Abhijeet W. Singh, Ramendra Soni, Arun K. Pal, Jayant Kashyap, Pooja Tripathi, and Vijay Tripathi 4.1 Introduction 67 4.2 Structure, Classification, and Properties of PHAs 69 4.3 Production and Synthesis of PHAs 70 4.4 Applications of PHAs in the Health Sector 71 4.5 Tissue Engineering 71 4.6 Bio-implantation Patches 72 4.7 Drug Delivery 72 4.8 Surgical Applications 72 4.9 Orthopedic Applications 73 4.10 Industrial Applications of PHAs 73 4.11 Agricultural Applications 75 4.12 Conclusion and Future Prospective 76 Acknowledgments 77 References 78 5 An Insight into Production Strategies for Microbial Pectinases: An Overview 87 Shruti Dwivedi, Gautam Anand, Sangeeta Yadav, and Dinesh Yadav 5.1 Introduction 87 5.2 Microbial Pectinases 88 5.3 Microbial Pectinases: Mode of Action and Classifications 89 5.4 Sources of Microbial Pectinases 89 5.5 Production of Microbial Pectinases 95 5.6 Bioreactors-based Production of Microbial Pectinases 96 5.7 Response Surface Methodology for Enhancing Production of Microbial Pectinases 99 5.8 Purification of Microbial Pectinases 101 5.9 Immobilization of Microbial Pectinases 102 5.10 Future Prospects and Conclusion 102 References 107 6 Hydrocarbon-degrading Enzymes from Mangrove-associated Fungi and Their Applications 119 Mark Gabriel M. Galinato and Adeline Su Yien Ting 6.1 Introduction 119 6.2 Hydrocarbon Pollution 120 6.2.1 Hydrocarbons 120 6.2.2 Hydrocarbon Pollution and Management 121 6.3 Mangrove Environments 123 6.4 Mangrove-associated Fungi as Hydrocarbon Degraders 126 6.5 Ligninolytic Enzymes from Mangrove-associated Fungi 131 6.6 Applications and Future Prospects 135 6.7 Conclusion 138 References 138 7 Industrially Important Microbial Enzymes Production and Their Applications 149 Gebiru Sinshaw, Abate Ayele, Gamachis Korsa, Gessesse K. Bekele, and Mesfin T. Gemeda 7.1 Introduction 149 7.2 Sources of Industrially Important Microbial Enzymes 150 7.3 Application of Microbial Enzymes in Industries 154 7.4 Challenges and Future Trends of Microbial Enzymes 163 7.5 Conclusion 164 List of Abbreviations 164 Authors’ Contributions 164 Acknowledgments 165 References 165 8 Peroxidases: Role in Bioremediation 173 Huda Afreen, Ravi Kant Singh, and Pradeep Kumar 8.1 Introduction 173 8.2 Classification of Peroxidases 176 8.3 Applications of Different Peroxidases for Environmental Pollution Management 177 8.4 Conclusion 183 Acknowledgment 183 References 183 9 Microbial α-L-Rhamnosidase and Its Significance in Therapeutics 189 Vinita Yadav 9.1 Introduction 189 9.2 Sources 190 9.3 Substrate Specificity and Optimality 190 9.4 Isolation of Microbial Strains for Producing α-L-Rhamnosidase Enzyme 196 9.5 Assay Method 196 9.6 Purification Method 198 9.7 Biochemical Properties and Application of α-L-Rhamnosidase 199 9.8 Summary 201 References 202 10 The Use of Microbial Enzymes in the Food Industries: A Global Perspective 207 Hina Radadiya, Rajesh Patel, and Ramesh Kothari 10.1 Introduction 207 10.2 Global Perspective and Demand for Microbial Enzymes in the Food Industry 208 10.3 Production of Industrial Enzymes 209 10.4 Approach to Boost Properties of Microbial Enzymes 211 10.5 Microbial Enzymes in Food Industries 212 10.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 219 References 220 11 Alkane Hydroxylases: Sources and Applications 225 Sangeeta Negi and Satyapriy Das 11.1 Introduction 225 11.2 Sources of Alkane Hydroxylases 227 11.3 Production, Purification, and Characterization of Alkane Hydroxylases 229 11.4 Applications of Alkane Hydroxylases 231 11.5 Future Prospects 235 11.6 Conclusion 236 References 236 12 An Overview of Production of Bacterial and Fungal Laccases and Their Industrial Applications 243 Sushil K. Singh, Arya Sahu, Manish S. Rajput, and Nand Lal 12.1 Introduction 243 12.2 Structure of Laccase 245 12.3 Mode of Action 247 12.4 Sources of Laccase 248 12.5 Substrates, Mediators, and Screening of Laccases 250 12.6 Production of Bacterial Laccases 251 12.7 Production of Fungal Laccases 254 12.8 Applications of Laccases 254 12.9 Conclusion and Future Scope 260 References 260 13 Magic of Microbial Enzymes: Earthworm’s Gut as a Bioreactor 273 Jayanta K. Biswas and Anurupa Banerjee 13.1 Introduction 273 13.2 Classification of Enzymes 274 13.3 Earthworms: Intestines of the Earth 275 13.4 Earthworms and Their Relation with Microbes and Enzymes 277 13.5 Importance of Enzymes Related to Earthworms and the Associated Microorganisms 278 13.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 283 References 284 14 Proteases from Thermophilic Bacteria: Their Significant Characteristics and Recombinant Production 293 Nitin Srivastava, Sumit Kumar, and Sunil K. Khare 14.1 Introduction 293 14.2 Thermophilic Bacteria 294 14.3 Thermophilic Proteases 297 14.4 Stability of Thermophilic Proteases and Underlying Mechanisms 298 14.5 Significance of Thermophilic Proteases 299 14.6 Recombinant Thermophilic Protease Production Strategies and Related Challenges 300 14.7 Enzyme Engineering Strategies 301 14.8 Applications 302 14.9 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 303 References 304 15 Mining and Redesigning of Microbial Enzymes for the Degradation of Organophosphorus Pesticides 309 Fauzia Parween and Rinkoo D. Gupta 15.1 Introduction 309 15.2 Selection of the Starting Gene 310 15.3 DNA Level Processes for the Creation of Gene Library 312 15.4 Screening of the Gene Library 315 15.5 Characterization of Designed Enzymes 318 15.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 320 List of Abbreviations 321 References 321 16 Use of Omics Tools Toward the Discovery of Fungal Enzymes and Secondary Metabolites 329 Neelam A. Kungwani, Simran Dani, and Gunjan Sharma 16.1 Introduction 329 16.2 Biotechnological Applications of Key Fungal Enzymes 330 16.3 Biotechnological Potential of Fungal Metabolites 333 16.4 In Silico Tools for Fungal Enzymes and Secondary Metabolites Prediction 335 16.5 Use of In Silico Tools for the Prediction of Fungal Enzymes and Secondary Metabolites 338 16.6 Implications and Limitations of the In Silico Studies in Fungal Biology 339 16.7 Conclusions and Prospects 339 References 339 17 Bioprospecting of Microbial Enzymes with Application in Environmental Biotechnology: An Omic Approach 345 Maricy R. L. Bonfá, Rodrigo M. Pereira, Francine A. Piubeli, Caio C. A. do Prado, and Lucia R. Grossman 17.1 Introduction 345 17.2 Environmental Biotechnology Areas 347 17.3 Microbial Enzymes Applied in Environmental Recovery 352 17.4 Microbial Enzymes for Bioproduct Manufacturing 356 17.5 Omics Approaches for Bioprospecting Enzymes 360 17.6 Conclusion and Perspectives 374 References 375 18 Recent Trends in Computational Tools for Industrially Important Enzymes 383 Shweta Srivastava, Sakina Bombaywala, Hemant J. Purohit, and Nishant A. Dafale 18.1 Introduction 383 18.2 Strategies for Discovering Enzymes 385 18.3 Computational Methods for Enzyme Function Prediction 391 18.4 Conclusion 397 Acknowledgments 398 References 398 19 Microbial Gallic Acid Decarboxylase: An Overview and Advancement in Application Potential Study Through Bioinformatics 407 Ishita Biswas, Debanjan Mitra, and Pradeep K. Das Mohapatra 19.1 Introduction 407 19.2 Isolation and Selection of Gallic Acid Decarboxylase Producing Microbes 407 19.3 Purification of GAD Enzyme and Biomolecular Properties 409 19.4 Gallic Acid Decarboxylase Assay 409 19.5 Molecular Biological Aspects of Gallic Acid Decarboxylase with Special Reference to Human Gut Lactic Acid Bacteria 409 19.6 In Silico Aspects of Gallic Acid Decarboxylase 411 19.7 Discussion 416 19.8 Conclusions 417 References 417 20 Microbial Chitinases: Potential Applications in Agriculture 421 Rupali Gupta, Gautam Anand, Dinesh Yadav, and Maya Bar 20.1 Introduction 421 20.2 Chitin Structure and Its Degradation by Chitinases 422 20.3 Microbial Sources of Chitinase 424 20.4 Chitinolytic Microorganisms as Potential Biological Control Agents or Biopesticides 425 20.5 Metagenomic Approaches as a Tool to Unravel New Microbial Chitinases 428 20.6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives 429 References 431 Volume 2 About the Editors xvii Preface xxi 21 β-Glucosidase Production and Its Applications 437 Vaibhav Badoni, Gaurav S. Rana, Ashutosh Dubey, and Ashok K. Verma 22 Mining of Enzyme with Novel Activity Through Combination of Genomic Information andTraditional Biochemical Approach 477 Yutaka Kawarabayasi 23 Strategies for Discovery and Enhancement of Enzyme Function: Current Developments andOpportunities 491 Menaka D. Salam, Swati Tripathi, and Simran 24 Promises of Systems Biology to Better Understand the Kinetics of Industrially Important Enzymes505 Koel Mukherjee, Vinod Kumar Nigam, and Santhosh Pillai 25 Metagenomics: New Insight in Microbial Diagnosis 519 Deepika Chaudhary, Aman Kumar, Kanisht Batra, and Sushila Maan 26 Production and Therapeutic Applications of Monoclonal Antibodies in Cancer and Other Diseases535 Ambuj Shahi, Girijesh K. Patel, Sushil Kumar, Madhuri Singh, Anshika Varshney, and Uday C. Ghoshal 27 Microbial Alkaline Protease: Production, Purification, and Applications 569 Degafneh Tadesse, Abate Ayele, Gamachis Korsa, and Chandran Masi 28 Microbial Lipases in Modern Detergency: Sources, Production, and Application 593 Shashwat Katiyar and Nand Lal 29 Production of Inulin Oligosaccharides from Microbial Inulinases and Their Applications 613 Priyanka, Hemant Ghai, and Wamik Azmi 30 Characterization of Phytopathogen’s Tannase as a Virulence Factor 637 Richa Naredi and Kanti P. Sharma 31 Mycozyme-based Functional Oligosaccharides 647 Suresh Nath, Hemant K. Rawat, Aamir Khan, and Naveen Kango 32 Microbial Laccases: Structure, Function, and Applications 665 Supriya Gupta, Aiman Tanveer, Shruti Dwivedi, Vivek Kumar Morya, Manoj Kumar Yadav, and Dinesh Yadav 33 Microbial ACC Deaminase: Stress Modulators in Plants 697 Lalita Pal, Vikas Dwivedi, Vikrant Dwivedi, and Diwakar M. Tripathi 34 Ligninolytic Enzyme: Microbial Sources, Production, Purification, and Biotechnological Applications721 Rohida A. Hoque, Meera Yadav, and Hardeo S. Yadav 35 Bioinformatic-driven Research in Microbial Enzymes: An Overview 739 Kanchan Yadav, Varsha Rani, Gautam Anand, Umesh Yadava, and Dinesh Yadav 36 Food Waste and By-products: An Opportunity to Produce Enzymes for Industrial Applications 761 Manoj Tripathi, Ajay Yadav, Dilip Pawar, Rajpal S. Jadam, and RahulM.Srivastva 37 Recombinant DNA Technology in the Improvement of Microbial Enzyme Production (Online) Index783

Comprehensive discussion of production and purification strategies for microbial enzymes important to various industries, from food and beverages to pharmaceuticals Microbial Enzymes provides expert insight into diverse aspects of microbial enzymes, highlighting strategies for their production, purification, and manipulation, elucidating eco-friendly industrial applications, and discussing several production processes, such as the production of cellulose and non-synthetic indigo dye. This book emphasizes recent technological interventions in microbial enzyme technology like metagenomics, system biology, molecular biology, genomics, directed evolution, and bioinformatics. The important microbial enzymes highlighted in this book include xylanases, ureases, methane monooxygenase, polyhydroxyalkanoates, pectinases, peroxidases, α-L-rhamnosidase, alkane hydroxylases, laccases, proteases, gallic acid decarboxylase, chitinases, beta-glucosidase, lipases, inulinases, tannase, mycozyme, ACC deaminase, ligninolytic enzymes, and many more. Novel treatment methods involving strains of microorganisms with desirable properties applicable in the process of bioremediation through mitigating climate concern, increasing green production technology, improving agriculture productivity, and providing a means of earning a livelihood are discussed. Readers will also gain state-of-the-art background knowledge on existing technologies and their current challenges and future prospects. Contributed to by leading experts in the field and edited by four highly qualified academics, Microbial Enzymes explores important topics including: Strategies for the discovery and enhancement of enzyme function, and potentials of system biology to better understand the kinetics of industrially important enzymesProduction and therapeutic applications of monoclonal antibodies in cancer and other diseases, and characterization of tannase as a virulence factorOpportunities to produce enzymes through food waste and byproducts, and recent developments in computational toolsUse of Omics tools in the discovery of fungal enzymes and secondary metabolites Microbial Enzymes is a thorough and highly practical reference on the subject for students, scientists, biotechnologists, microbiologists, and policymakers working in environmental microbiology, biotechnology, and environmental sciences.