The central goal of the In the Light of Evolution (ILE) series is to promote the evolutionary sciences through state-of-the-art colloquia—in the series of Arthur M. Sackler colloquia sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences—and their published proceedings. Each installment explores evolutionary perspectives on a particular biological topic that is scientifically intriguing but also has special relevance to contemporary societal issues or challenges. This book is the outgrowth of the Arthur M. Sackler Colloquium "Brain and Behavior," which was sponsored by the National Academy of Sciences on January 20-21, 2012, at the Academy's Arnold and Mabel Beckman Center in Irvine, CA. It is the sixth in a series of Colloquia under the general title "In the Light of Evolution." Specifically, In Light of Evolution: Brain and Behavior focuses on the field of evolutionary neuroscience that now includes a vast array of different approaches, data types, and species. This volume is also available for purchase with the In the Light of Evolution six-volume set.Table of ContentsFront MatterPart I: EVOLUTIONARY ORIGINS OF NEURONS AND NERVOUS SYSTEMS1 Functionalization of a Protosynaptic Gene Expression Network--Cecilia Conaco, Danielle S. Bassett, Hongjun Zhou, Mary Luz Arcila, Sandie M. Degnan, Bernard M. Degnan, and Kenneth S. Kosik2 Adaptive Evolution of Voltage-Gated Sodium Channels: The First 800 Million Years--Harold H. Zakon3 Evolution of Centralized Nervous Systems: Two Schools of Evolutionary Thought--R. Glenn NorthcuttPart II: DEVELOPMENTAL AND ADULT VARIATION IN NEURAL ORGANIZATION4 Evolving Specialization of the Arthropod Nervous System--Erin Jarvis, Heather S. Bruce, and Nipam H. Patel5 Expansion, Folding, and Abnormal Lamination of the Chick Optic Tectum After Intraventricular Injections of FGF2--Luke D. McGowan, Roula A. Alaama, Amanda C. Freise, Johnny C. Huang, Christine J. Charvet, and Georg F. Striedter6 Cortical Evolution in Mammals: The Bane and Beauty of Phenotypic Variability--Leah A. Krubitzer and Adele M. H. Seelke7 Evolution of Columns, Modules, and Domains in the Neocortex of Primates--Jon H. Kaas8 The Remarkable, Yet Not Extraordinary, Human Brain as a Scaled-Up Primate Brain and Its Associated Cost--Suzana Herculano-HouzelPart III: FROM NEURAL CIRCUIT EVOLUTION TO ADAPTIVE BEHAVIOR9 Homology and Homoplasy of Swimming Behaviors and Neural Circuits in the Nudipleura (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia)--James M. Newcomb, Akira Sakurai, Joshua L. Lillvis, Charuni A. Gunaratne, and Paul S. Katz10 Shared Developmental and Evolutionary Origins for Neural Basis of VocalAcoustic and PectoralGestural Signaling--Andrew H. Bass and Boris P. Chagnaud11 To Flock or Fight: Neurochemical Signatures of Divergent Life Histories in Sparrows--James L. Goodson, Leah C. Wilson, and Sara E. Schrock12 From Chemotaxis to the Cognitive Map: The Function of Olfaction--Lucia F. Jacobs13 Evolution of Brains and Behavior for Optimal Foraging: A Tale of Two Predators--Kenneth C. CataniaPart IV: PHYLOGENY OF HUMAN BRAINS AND HUMAN MINDS14 Human Brain Evolution: From Gene Discovery to Phenotype Discovery--Todd M. Preuss15 Integration of Faces and Vocalizations in Ventral Prefrontal Cortex: Implications for the Evolution of Audiovisual Speech--Lizabeth M. Romanski16 Math, Monkeys, and the Developing Brain--Jessica F. Cantlon17 A Hierarchical Model of the Evolution of Human Brain Specializations--H. Clark BarrettEpilogue: A TANGLED MULTILAYERED WEBReferencesIndex