Preface xiii List of Contributors xvii 1 Recent Advances in Food Science and Nutrition: State of Art, New Challenges and Opportunities 1 Visakh. P.M., Laura B. Iturriaga and Pablo Daniel Ribotta 1.1 Potato Production, Composition and Starch Processing 2 1.2 Milk and Different Types of Milk Products 4 1.3 Processing and Preservation of Meat, Poultry and Seafood 5 1.4 Food Ingredients 7 1.5 Fruits and Fruit Processing 7 1.6 Antioxidant Activity of Phytochemicals and Their Method of Analysis 9 1.7 Indispensable Tools in Food Science and Nutrition 10 1.8 Transformation of Food Flavours Due to Industrial Processing Elaboration 11 1.9 New Trends in Sensory Characterization of Food Products 12 1.10 Effect of Food Processing on Bioactive Compounds 13 1.11 Recent Advances in Storage Technologies for Fresh Fruits 14 1.12 Ultrasound Applications in Food Technology 16 References 17 2 Potato: Production, Composition and Starch Processing 23 Narpinder Singh, Amritpal Kaur, Khetan Shevkani and Rajarathnam Ezekiel 2.1 Introduction 24 2.2 Composition 24 2.3 Starch Production 34 2.4 Starch Properties 36 References 41 3 Milk and Different Types of Milk Products 49 Yantyati Widyastuti and Andi Febrisiantosa 3.1 Introduction 49 3.2 Milk Production and Quality 51 3.3.1 Effect of Animal Diet on Milk Productivity 51 3.2.2 Organic Milk 56 3.3 Types of Milk Products 56 3.3.1 Liquid Milk as Beverage 57 3.3.2 Cream 59 3.3.3 Butter 59 3.3.4 Ice Cream 60 3.3.5 Fermented Milk Product 62 3.4 Conclusion 65 References 65 4 Processing and Preservation of Meat, Poultry and Seafood 69 Elisabete M.C. Alexandre, Cristina L.M. Silva and Teresa R.S. Brandão 4.1 Introduction 70 4.2 Food Quality Characteristics 71 4.3 Deterioration and Microbial Contamination 73 4.4 Physical Methods of Preservation 74 4.4.1 Preliminary Processes 74 4.4.2 Water Spray-Washings 76 4.4.3 Control of Temperature 77 4.4.4 Control of Moisture 81 4.4.5 Radiation Technologies 82 4.4.6 Other Technologies 87 4.5 Chemical Methods of Preservation 89 4.5.1 Curing 89 4.5.2 Smoking 90 4.5.3 Other Methods/Compounds 91 4.6 Microbiological Contributions to Meat Preservation 93 4.6.1 Competition 93 4.6.2 Fermentation 94 4.6.3 Bacteriocins 94 4.7 Hurdle Combinations of Methods 95 4.8 Atmosphere Inside Package 95 Acknowledgments 96 References 96 5 Food Ingredients 105 Dongxiao Sun-Waterhouse 5.1 Introduction 106 5.2 Useful Terminology and Definitions 107 5.3 Food Additives 109 5.4 Novel and Natural Plant-Based Ingredients 113 5.5 Properties and Applications of Plant-Derived Ingredients 120 5.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects 125 References 126 6 Fruits and Fruit Processing 133 Ariel R. Fontana and Romina P. Monasterio 6.1 Introduction 133 6.2 Fruits 136 6.2.1 Low Temperature 136 6.2.2 Modified and Controlled Atmosphere Storage 137 6.2.3 Modified Atmosphere Packaging 140 6.2.4 Edible Coatings 141 6.3 Fruit Processing 142 6.3.1 Factors Affecting Fruit Conservation Method 143 6.3.2 Traditional Preservation Methods 144 6.3.3 Modern Preservation Methods with Minimal Processing 146 References 150 7 Antioxidant Activity of Phytochemicals and Their Method of Analysis 153 Ashish Rawson, Ankit Patras, B. Dave Oomah, Rocio Campos-Vega and Mohammad B. Hossain 7.1 Introduction 154 7.2 Importance of Antioxidants in Human Health (Their Mechanism of Action) 155 7.3 Natural Antioxidants 158 7.3.1 Sources of Natural Antioxidants 158 7.3.2 Uses of Natural Antioxidants 160 7.4 Overview of Methods Used to Measure Total Antioxidant Activity 163 7.4.1 Measurement of Antioxidant Activity 165 7.4.2 Assays Involving a Biological Substrate 165 7.4.3 Assays Involving a Non-Biological Substrate 166 7.5 Problems in Comparing Various Methods of Antioxidant Activity and Discrepancies over Their Measurement 188 7.6 Methods for Antioxidant Phytochemical Analysis 191 7.6.1 Spectrophotometer 191 7.6.2 High Performance Liquid Chromatography(HPLC) 191 7.6.3 Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (LC–MS) 214 7.6.4 Liquid Chromatography–Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (LC–NMR) 215 7.7 Concluding Remarks 237 References 238 8 Indispensable Tools in Food Science and Nutrition 257 Sneha P. Bhatia 8.1 Introduction: Food Safety – From Farm to the Dinner Plate 257 8.2 Foodborne Pathogens 259 8.3 Probiotics in Food 264 8.4 Genetically Modified (GM) Foods – Friends or Foe? 270 8.5 Bioavailability of Nutrients 273 8.6 Food Safety Regulations 275 8.7 Conclusion 276 References 276 9 Transformations of Food Flavor Due to Industrially Processing of Elaboration 279 Romina P. Monasterio 9.1 Introduction 280 9.2 Aroma Compounds 292 9.3 Chemical Reactions that Contribute to Food Flavor 292 9.3.1 Maillard Reaction 293 9.3.2 Flavor from Lipids 298 9.3.3 Flavors Formed via Fermentation 302 9.4 Special Industrial Process and Flavor 309 9.5 Industrial Production of Flavor 312 9.6 Summary 315 References 315 10 New Trends in Sensory Characterization of Food Products 321 Gastón Ares and Ana Giménez 10.1 Introduction 321 10.1.1 Sensory Characterization 321 10.1.2 Descriptive Analysis 322 10.2 New Trends in Sensory Characterization of Food Products 325 10.2.1 Overview 325 10.2.2 Methodologies Based on Specific Attributes 327 10.2.3 Methodologies that Provide a Verbal Description of the Products 332 10.2.4 Holistic Methodologies 338 10.2.5 Methods Based on the Comparison with References 345 10.2.6 Comparison of the Methodologies 348 10.3 Conclusions and Recommendations 352 References 354 11 Effect of Food Processing on Bioactive Compounds 361 Sarana Sommano 11.1 Bioactive Compounds 362 11.1.1 Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) 362 11.1.2 Antioxidant Defenses Against ROS 363 11.1.3 Bioactive Compounds or Natural Antioxidants 364 11.1.4 Other Significant Bioactive Compounds 371 11.2 Processing of Foods Containing Bioactive Components 372 11.2.1 Effect of Postharvest Handling Methods and Shelf Life Determination 372 11.2.2 Effect of Processing 373 11.2.3 Effects of Storage 377 11.3 Methods for the Determination of Antioxidants 378 11.3.1 Measuring Antioxidants Activity 378 11.3.2 Radical–Scavenging Methods 378 11.3.3 Methods for Measuring the Oxidation of an Oil or Food Sample 380 11.3.4 Techniques Involving Bioactive Compound Determination 383 Reference 12 Recent Advances in Storage Technologies for Fresh Fruits 391 Sukhvinder P. Singh and Leon A. Terry 12.1 Introduction 392 12.2 1-Methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) Based Storage Technology 393 12.3 Palladium Based Ethylene Adsorbers 394 12.4 Ultra Low Oxygen (ULO) Storage Technology 397 12.5 Dynamic Controlled Atmosphere (DCA) Storage Technology 398 12.6 Microcontrolled Atmosphere (MCA) and Bulk Modified Atmosphere Packaging (MAP) Technologies 400 12.7 Nitric Oxide Based Technology 401 12.8 Biosensors 403 12.9 Conclusions 405 References 406 13 Ultrasound Applications in Food Technology: Equipment, Combined Processes and Effects on Safety and Quality Parameters 413 Rui M.S. Cruz, Igor Khmelinskii and Margarida C. Vieira 13.1 Introduction 414 13.2 Equipment Design 416 13.3 Ultrasound Application for Improving Processing Efficiency 420 13.4 Food Preservation Applications 424 13.4.1 Enzymes 424 13.4.2 Microorganisms 424 13.5 Ultrasound Effects on Food Quality Attributes 430 13.6 Conclusions 432 References 432 Index 445

This important book comprehensively reviews research on new developments in all areas of food chemistry/science and nutrition Advances in Food Science and Nutrition covers topics such as food safety objectives, risk assessment, quality assurance and control, good manufacturing practices, food processing systems, design and control, and rapid methods of analysis and detection, as well as sensor technology, environmental control, and safety. The thirteen chapters are written by prominent researchers from industry, academia, and government/private research laboratories around the world. The book details many of the recent technical research accomplishments in the areas of food science, including: Potato production, composition, and starch processingMilk and different types of milk productsProcessing and preservation of meat, poultry, and seafoodFood ingredients including additives and natural plant-based ingredientsFruits and fruit processingAntioxidant activity of phytochemicals and their method of analysisThe effect of food processing on bioactive compoundsFood safety regulations including foodborne pathogens, probiotics, genetically modified foods, and bioavailability of nutrientsTrends in sensory characterization of food productsUltrasound applications in food technologyTransformations of food flavor including aroma compounds and chemical reactions that influence flavorStorage technologies for fresh fruits Readership It is a very valuable reference source for university and college faculties, professionals, postdoctoral research fellows, senior graduate students, food science technologists, and researchers from R&D laboratories working in the area of food science and nutrition.