Introduction xxv PHR Assessment Test xxxi SPHR Assessment Test xxxvi Chapter 1 Certifying Human Resource Professionals 1 The Human Resource Profession 3 Development of the Human Resource Body of Knowledge 4 Defining the Functional Areas of the BOK 6 Professional in Human Resources (PHR) 6 Senior Professional in Human Resources (SPHR) 8 Eligibility Requirements 10 Recertification 11 The Test 12 It’s Experiential and Federal 14 What the Questions Look Like 15 Preparing for the Exam 16 Taking the Exam 20 Summary 22 Chapter 2 PHR Exam: Business Management 23 Organizations 24 External Business Environment 24 Internal Business Operations 25 Mission, Vision, Values 31 Corporate Governance 32 Organization Values and Ethics 33 Ethics Officers 37 Corporate Responsibility 37 Whistle-Blower Protection 39 Enterprise Risk Management 42 HR Audits 42 Insurance Policies 43 Employee Handbooks 43 Litigation Statistics 43 Other 45 Legislative and Regulatory Processes 45 Technology 47 Workforce Analytics 48 Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis 49 Data Collection 50 Analysis Tools 51 Qualitative Analysis 54 Change Management 55 HR Metrics: Measuring Results 58 Business Impact Measures 58 Tactical Accountability Measures 59 Building a Business Case 61 Summary 61 Exam Essentials 62 Review Questions 63 Chapter 3 PHR Exam: Talent Planning and Acquisition 67 Talent Planning 69 Workforce Goals and Objectives 70 Job Analysis and Description 71 Job Analysis 71 Job Descriptions 72 Qualified Employees 73 Translating Organization Goals into Staffing Plans 78 Labor Market Analysis 79 Staffing Programs 80 Sourcing and Recruiting Candidates 80 Candidate Selection Tools 88 Employment Offers 104 Post-Offer Employment Activities 106 Summary 111 Exam Essentials 112 Review Questions 113 Chapter 4 PHR Exam: Learning and Development 119 Organizational Development 120 Strategic Interventions 121 Techno-Structural Interventions 125 Human Process Interventions 134 Human Resource Management Interventions 137 Employee Training Programs 145 Adult Learning Processes and Learning Styles 146 Instructional Design Models 147 Learning Management Systems 162 Metrics: Measuring Results 164 Summary 165 Exam Essentials 165 Review Questions 166 Chapter 5 PHR Exam: Total Rewards 171 Total Rewards Defined 172 Budgeting and Accounting for Total Rewards 173 Salary Surveys 173 Benchmarking 175 Compensation 175 Types of Compensation 178 Traditional Pay Structures 186 Benefits 196 Involuntary Benefits 197 Voluntary Benefits 198 Payroll 212 Payroll Systems 212 Payroll Administration 212 Communicating Compensation and Benefits Programs 215 Metrics: Measuring Results 216 Summary 217 Exam Essentials 217 Review Questions 219 Chapter 6 PHR Exam: Employee and Labor Relations 223 Human Relations 226 Personality at Work 227 Psychological Capital 228 Motivational Concepts 228 Organization Climate and Culture 232 Employee Engagement 234 Employee Involvement Strategies 234 Communicating with Employees 236 Employee Feedback 238 Positive Employee Relations Programs 240 Employee Rights and Responsibilities 242 Workplace Policies and Procedures 243 Records Management: The Life Cycle 245 Performance Management Programs 248 Performance Appraisal 249 Training Performance Evaluators 252 Performance Improvement 255 Workplace Behavior Issues 256 Organization Exit/Off-Boarding Processes 259 Voluntary Exit Processes 259 Involuntary Exit Processes 260 Tools for Dispute Resolution 265 Arbitration 266 Mediation 267 Constructive Confrontation 268 Labor Relations 269 Labor Laws and Organizations 269 Employee Rights 271 Union Organization 274 Risk Overview 281 Risk Identification 282 HR Tools to Identify and Assess Risk 283 Risk Assessment 286 Risk Management 302 Managing Security Risks 309 Managing Business Continuity Risks 320 Managing Workplace Privacy Risks 323 Metrics: Measuring Results 326 Summary 328 Exam Essentials 329 Review Questions 332 Chapter 7 SPHR Exam: Leadership and Strategy 337 Organizational Planning and Strategy 341 Organizational Structures 341 Shared Services and Outsourcing of HR Functions 342 Strategic Planning 345 Basic Accounting and Budgeting 355 Strategic Management 358 Strategic Relationships 359 Human Capital Management Plans 361 Human Capital Projections 363 Service Delivery and Technology 364 HRIS Systems 364 Project Management Concepts 370 HR Data and Metrics 371 Summary 372 Exam Essentials 372 Review Questions 374 Chapter 8 SPHR Exam: Talent Planning and Acquisition 379 Recruiting and Selection 381 Person-to-Organization Fit 382 Person-to-Job Fit 382 Candidate Sourcing 384 Labor Law Compliance 386 Strategic Workforce Planning 387 Human Capital Management Plans 387 Human Capital Projections 389 The Impact of the Business Life Cycle 390 Strategic Analysis 392 Employee Retention and Engagement 393 The Impact of Wages 394 Building the Employer Brand 395 Metrics: Measuring Results 396 Summary 397 Exam Essentials 398 Review Questions 399 Chapter 9 SPHR Exam: Learning and Development 403 Learning and Development Defined 406 Strategic Learning and Development 406 The Role of the Behavioral Sciences 408 Succession Plans 411 Integrated Talent Management 412 Training as an Intervention Strategy 413 Summary 414 Exam Essentials 415 Review Questions 416 Chapter 10 SPHR Exam: Total Rewards 421 Total Rewards Defined 422 Fiduciary Responsibility 423 Total Rewards Philosophy and Strategies 424 Competing in the Market 425 Strategic Alignment 425 Strategic Allocation 426 Integrative Approach 427 Job Analysis 428 Job Evaluation and Pricing 429 Collective Bargaining and Contract Costing 431 Basic Budgeting and Accounting 432 Accounting 432 Budgeting 434 Motivating and Retaining through Total Rewards 435 Efficiency vs. Empathy Wages 436 Other Studies 436 Best Practices 437 Equity Compensation 438 Executive Compensation 439 Stock Options 441 Board of Directors/Outside Directors 443 Benefits 443 Summary 445 Exam Essentials 445 Review Questions 447 Chapter 11 SPHR Exam: Employee Relations and Engagement 451 Human Relations 453 Motivation 454 Job Attitudes 455 Positive Employee Relations 456 Diversity and Inclusion 463 Generations at Work 464 Women in Leadership 464 Sexual Orientation and Gender Expression/Identity 465 Cultural Competence 466 Workplace Safety and Security 468 Crises in Leadership 468 Business Continuity 471 Internal Investigations 472 Labor Unions 473 Collective Bargaining 473 Remaining Union-Free 477 Metrics: Measuring Results 478 Summary 479 Exam Essentials 480 Review Questions 482 Appendix A Answers to Review Questions 487 Chapter 2: PHR Exam: Business Management 488 Chapter 3: PHR Exam: Talent Planning and Acquisition 490 Chapter 4: PHR Exam: Learning and Development 493 Chapter 5: PHR Exam: Total Rewards 495 Chapter 6: PHR Exam: Employee and Labor Relations 498 Chapter 7: SPHR Exam: Leadership and Strategy 500 Chapter 8: SPHR Exam: Talent Planning and Acquisition 502 Chapter 9: SPHR Exam: Learning and Development 504 Chapter 10: SPHR Exam: Total Rewards 506 Chapter 11: SPHR Exam: Employee Relations and Engagement 508 Appendix B PHR® and SPHR® Case Studies 511 Case Study 1: Human Resources Role in Preventing Workplace Violence 512 Questions 513 Answers 514 Case Study 2: Where the Green Glass Grows 514 The Company 515 The Customer 515 Exercises 516 Answers and Additional Exercises 518 Appendix C Federal Employment Legislation and Case Law 521 Affirmative Action Plans (AAPs) 522 Executive Order 11246 AAP 523 VEVRAA AAP 524 Section 503, Individuals with Disabilities AAP 526 Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA) 527 Older Worker Benefit Protection Act Amendment to the ADEA 528 Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) 529 Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Title VII) 530 Amendments to Title VII 531 Common Law Doctrines 533 Employment at Will 534 Duty of Good Faith and Fair Dealing 535 Promissory Estoppel 535 Fraudulent Misrepresentation 535 Respondeat Superior 536 Constructive Discharge 536 Defamation 536 Copyright Act of 1976 537 Davis-Bacon Act of 1931 537 Drug-Free Workplace Act of 1988 538 EEO Survey 538 Report Types 539 Race and Ethnicity Categories 540 Job Categories 540 Data Reporting 541 Employment Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (ERISA) 541 Summary Plan Description (SPD) 542 Annual Reports 542 Participant Benefit Rights Reports 543 Employee Participation 543 Vesting 543 Benefit Accrual Requirements 544 Form and Payment of Benefits 544 Funding 545 Fiduciary Responsibility 545 Administration and Enforcement 545 Amendments to ERISA 545 Executive Orders 548 Fair Credit Reporting Act of 1970 (FCRA) 549 Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 (FLSA) 550 Minimum Wage 551 Maximum Hours and Overtime 551 Exemption Status 554 Salary Deductions 556 Child Labor 558 Record Keeping 558 Penalties and Recovery of Back Wages 559 FLSA Amendments 560 Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993 (FMLA) 561 Designation of FMLA Leave 561 Failure to Designate in a Timely Manner 561 Waiver of Rights 562 Substitution of Paid Leave 562 Perfect Attendance Awards 562 Light Duty Assignments 562 Record-Keeping Requirements 562 Employers Covered 563 Notice Obligations 563 Employees Eligible for FMLA 565 Key Employee Exception 565 Employee Notice Requirement 566 Reasons for FMLA Leave 567 Medical Certification Process 569 Types of FMLA Leave 570 Calculating the FMLA Year 570 Tracking Reduced and Intermittent FMLA Leave 571 Ending FMLA Leave 571 FMLA Implications for Employers 572 Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977 572 Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act of 2008 (GINA) 573 Glass Ceiling Act of 1991 574 Societal Barriers 574 Internal Structural Barriers 574 Governmental Barriers 574 Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996 (IIRIRA) 575 Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 (IRCA) 575 E-Verify 576 Amendments to IRCA: Immigration Act of 1990 576 International Labour Organization (ILO) 578 International Trade Organizations 579 European Union (EU) 579 Mercosur 580 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) 580 Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977 (MSHA) 580 Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 (OSHA) 581 More Inspections 582 Emphasis on Safety Communication 582 Reporting of Injuries 583 Employer Responsibilities 583 Employer Rights 584 Employee Rights and Responsibilities 585 OSHA Enforcement 585 OSHA Record-Keeping Requirements 586 OSHA Assistance 588 Health and Safety Inspections 589 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD): Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises (MNEs) 593 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (PPACA, ACA, Obamacare) 594 Pension Protection Act of 2006 (PPA) 595 Privacy Act of 1974 595 Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Sections 501, 503, and 505 596 Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (SOX) 596 Service Contract Act of 1965 (SCA) 596 Sexual Harassment 597 Hostile Work Environment Harassment 597 EEOC Guidelines for the Prevention of Sexual Harassment 599 Uniformed Services Employment and Reemployment Rights Act of 1994 (USERRA) 600 Disabled Veterans 602 United States Patent Act of 1790 603 Wage Garnishment Law, Federal 603 Walsh-Healey Public Contracts Act of 1936 604 Worker Adjustment Retraining and Notification Act of 1988 (WARN) 604 Workers’ Compensation 605 Quick Reference Guide: Agencies, Court Cases, Terms, and Laws; General Record-Keeping Guidelines 606 Appendix D Resources 617 Business Management, Leadership, and Strategy 619 Books 619 Professional Associations 620 Talent Planning and Acquisition 620 Books 620 Professional Associations 620 Learning and Development 621 Books 621 Professional Associations 621 Total Rewards 621 Books 622 Professional Associations 622 Employee and Labor Relations and Engagement 622 Books 622 Professional Associations 623 Appendix E Summarizing the Summaries: What Meta-Analyses Tell Us About Work Engagement 625 Christian, Garza, and Slaughter, 2011 626 Maricutoiu, Sulea, and Iancu, 2017 627 Knight, Patterson, and Dawson, 2017 628 References 629 Appendix F Neuroscience Principles and Applications for HR Leaders 631 Introduction 632 The Principles 633 Principle 1: The Unlearning-Relearning Process 633 Principle 2: Redefining Resistance 635 Principle 3: Engaging Behavioral Change 638 Conclusion 640 Suggested Reading 640 Index 643