List of Illustrations Acknowledgements Notes on Contributors Introduction Andreas Fahrmeir, Olivier Faron and Patrick Weil PART I: BEYOND THE FRENCH REVOLUTION: NEW CONCEPTS OF CITIZENSHIP: NEW METHODS OF CONTROL Chapter 1. The Eighteenth-Century Citizenship Revolution in France Peter Sahlins Chapter 2. ‘African Citizens’: Slavery, Freedom and Migration During the French Revolution Laurent Dubois Chapter 3. Paris and its Foreigners in the Late Eighteenth Century Olivier Faron and Cyril Grange Chapter 4. British Nationality Policy as a Counter-Revolutionary Strategy During the Napoleonic Wars: The Emergence of Modern Naturalization Regulations Margrit Schulte Beerbühl PART II: AN AGE OF EXPERIMENTATION: CONTROLLING MOVEMENT IN THE NINETEENTH CENTURY Chapter 5. Passports and the Development of Immigration Controls in the North Atlantic World During the Long Nineteenth Century John Torpey Chapter 6. ‘Beggars appear everywhere!’: Changing Approaches to Migration Control in Mid- Nineteenth Century Munich K. M. N. Carpenter Chapter 7. Qualitative Migration Controls in the Antebellum United States Gerald L. Neuman Chapter 8. The Transformation of Nineteenth-Century West European Expulsion Policy, 1880-1914 Frank Caestecker Chapter 9. Foreigners and the Law in Nineteenth-Century Austria: Juridical Concepts and Legal Rights in the Light of the Development of Citizenship Birgitta Bader-Zaar Chapter 10. Empowerment and Control: Conflicting Central and Regional Interests in Migration Within the Habsburg Monarchy Andrea Komlosy Chapter 11. Was the Nineteenth Century a Golden Age for Immigrants? The Changing Articulation of National, Local and Voluntary Controls David Feldman Chapter 12. Revolutionaries into Beggars: Alien Policies in the Netherlands 1814-1914 Leo Lucassen PART III: NEW DETERMINANTS OF MIGRATION CONTROL: COMMERCIAL INTERESTS, UNIONS AND POLITICIANS Chapter 13. The Archaeology of ‘Remote Control’ Aristide R. Zolberg Chapter 14. Hamburg and the Transit of East European Emigrants Katja Wüstenbecker Chapter 15. Labour Unions and the Nationalisation of Immigration Restriction in the United States, 1880-1924 Catherine Collomp Chapter 16. Between Altruism and Self-Interest: Immigration Restriction and the Emergence of American-Jewish Politics in the United States Michael Berkowitz Chapter 17. Races at the Gate. Racial Distinctions in Immigration Policy: A Comparison between France and the United States Patrick Weil PART IV: PROVISIONAL CONCLUSIONS Chapter 18. Law and Practice: Problems in Researching the History of Migration Controls Andreas Fahrmeir Index