Preface xxv 1 Exploring Blockchain Solutions in Healthcare Data Management and Patient Data Privacy 1 Hamed Taherdoost 1.1 Introduction 2 1.2 Healthcare Data Challenges 3 1.3 Fundamentals of Blockchain 5 1.4 Blockchain in Healthcare 5 1.5 Ensuring Data Integrity 7 1.6 Access Control and Permissioned Blockchains 9 1.7 Privacy-Enhancing Features 10 1.8 Interoperability and Data Sharing 11 1.9 Future Trends 12 1.10 Summary 14 References 14 2 Revolutionizing Pharmaceuticals: Harnessing Blockchain for Industry Solutions 19 Navjot Singh Talwandi, Shanu Khare and Payal Thakur 2.1 Introduction to Blockchain in Pharmaceuticals 20 2.2 Foundations of the Pharmaceutical Industry 20 2.3 Blockchain Basics for Pharma 22 2.4 Key Features of Blockchain in Pharmaceutical 25 2.5 Application of Blockchain in Drug Development 26 2.6 Supply Chain Management with Blockchain 27 2.7 Smart Contracts in Pharmaceuticals 28 2.8 Data Sharing and Interoperability 30 2.9 Challenges and Concerns in Implementing Blockchain 32 2.10 Case Studies: Successful Implementations of Blockchain in Pharmaceutical 33 2.11 Security and Privacy Considerations 34 2.12 Regulatory Compliance in Blockchain for Pharmaceuticals 35 2.13 Blockchain and Patient Empowerment 36 2.14 Future Trends and Innovations 37 2.15 Conclusion: The Future Landscape of Blockchain in Pharmaceuticals 38 References 39 3 Blockchain Framework for Pharmaceutical Supply Chain Management 41 Mohammed Majeed, Charles Asare, Beulah Hilda Walden, Nana Arko Cole, Kwame Ntim Sekyere and Bernard Ofosu Boateng 3.1 Introduction 41 3.2 Contribution of the Chapter 43 3.3 Literature 44 3.4 Types of BC 44 3.5 Pharmaceutical Industry 46 3.6 BC Framework for Pharmaceutical Supply Chain Management 47 3.7 Theoretical Foundation of the Study and the Research Framework 50 3.8 Technology-Organization-Environment Framework 50 3.9 Technology 50 3.10 Organization 51 3.11 Environment 51 3.12 Implications 52 3.13 Conclusion 53 References 53 4 Healthcare Records Maintenance in Smart Cities for Healthcare 4.0: A Approach with Block Chain 59 Rohit Rastogi, Rayush Jain, Prabhinav Mishra and Mohd Shahjahan 4.1 Introduction 59 4.2 Literature Review 63 4.3 Methodology 67 4.4 Result and Discussion 69 4.5 Novelties 77 4.6 Conclusions 78 References 78 Additional Readings 79 Annexure 79 5 Evaluation of Blockchain and IoT Technology’s Impact on the Pharmaceutical Sector 81 Sampurna Panda, Rakesh Kumar and Ranjeet Singh Tomar 5.1 Introduction 81 5.2 Overview of IoT 82 5.3 Blockchain Overview 83 5.4 Analyzing the Impact of Blockchain and the Internet of Things on the Pharmaceutical Sector 83 5.5 A Pharmaceutical Supply Chain for COVID-19 Empowered by Blockchain and the IoT 91 5.6 Conclusion 93 References 94 6 Pharma-RBT: Blockchain-Enabled Solution for PII-Protected Drug Trails in the Pharmaceutical Industry 97 Sai Shibu N. B., Rohit Mathew Samuel, Neeraj Chowdary Vipparla and Nidhin Mahesh A. 6.1 Introduction 97 6.2 Related Work 100 6.3 Introduction to Blockchain Technology 104 6.4 Proposed Architecture for Blockchain + Pharma 106 6.5 Implementation of Pharma-RBT 109 6.6 Performance Evaluations 119 6.7 Conclusion 120 References 120 7 Transforming the Pharmaceutical Supply Chain with Blockchain 123 K. Vidhya Lakshmi and S. Thanga Ramya 7.1 The Current State of the Pharmaceutical Supply Chain 123 7.2 Blockchain’s Role in Enhancing Traceability 125 7.3 Combating Counterfeiting with Blockchain 127 7.4 Streamlining Compliance through Smart Contracts 128 7.5 Enhancing Data Security and Privacy 130 7.6 Improving Supply Chain Efficiency and Collaboration 140 7.7 Overcoming Challenges and Adoption Barriers 142 7.8 Case Studies: Successful Implementations of Blockchain in Pharmaceuticals 145 7.9 The Future of Blockchain in Pharmaceuticals 147 7.10 Conclusion 149 References 149 8 Automating and Streamlining Drug Payments Through Smart Contracts 153 Harpreet Kaur Channi and Pulkit Kumar 8.1 Introduction 154 8.2 Overview of Drug Payments in Healthcare 156 8.3 Smart Contracts: A Primer 158 8.4 The Role of Smart Contracts in Drug Payments 160 8.5 Implementing Smart Contracts in Healthcare Systems 161 8.6 Case Studies: Successful Implementation of Smart Contracts in Drug Payments 163 8.7 Challenges and Solutions 166 8.8 Future Trends and Developments 168 8.9 Conclusion 169 References 170 9 Tracking Drug Authenticity and Expiry with Blockchain: A Comprehensive Overview 175 Sajjan Singh and Shalom Akhai 9.1 Introduction 175 9.2 Blockchain Technology Overview 176 9.3 Real-Time Drug Tracking 177 9.4 Ensuring Drug Authenticity 177 9.5 Expiry Date Management 179 9.6 Integration with the Pharmaceutical Supply Chain 179 9.7 Practical Examples 181 9.8 Challenges and Considerations 182 9.9 Future Trends 183 9.10 Conclusion 184 9.11 Recommendations 184 References 185 10 Blockchain-Enabled Security for Smart Medicine Vending Machines Handling Expired Medications 189 S. Muthu Lakshmi, M. Malathi and K. Mythili 10.1 Introduction 190 10.2 Literature Survey 194 10.3 Overview of the Proposed System 196 10.4 Experimental Results 201 10.5 Conclusion 204 10.6 Future Enhancement 204 References 205 11 Enabling Transparent Supply to Build a Next-Generation Supply Chain 207 Harpreet Kaur Channi, Ramandeep Sandhu and Pulkit Kumar 11.1 Introduction 208 11.2 Technological Foundations 213 11.3 Implementation Strategies 219 11.4 Future Trends and Considerations 222 11.5 Regulatory Compliance and Standards in the Pharmaceutical Industry 223 11.6 Conclusion 228 References 229 12 A Comprehensive Study in the Kidney Transplantation Process with the Role of Blockchain Technology 233 Chandana Gouri Tekkali, Karthika Natarajan and Asadi Srinivasulu 12.1 Introduction 233 12.2 Literature Review 235 12.3 Importance of Blockchain Technology in Health Care 236 12.4 Data Analytics and AI in KTP 237 12.5 What are the Possible Failures Occurring in KTP? 237 12.6 How can Blockchain be Enabled in Kidney Transplantation? 238 12.7 Result 247 12.8 Conclusion and Future Work 248 References 248 13 Secure Patient Data Management Through Blockchain 251 Radha Goel, Rosaline Mishra, Arti Gupta, Rehana Parveen, Rashmi Singh, Dinesh Puri and Mohd Yasir 13.1 Introduction 252 13.2 Blockchain Technology in Healthcare 254 13.3 Blockchain Operations 254 13.4 Essential Blockchain Characteristics 255 13.5 Healthcare Blockchain Companies 256 13.6 Management of Healthcare Using Blockchain 260 13.7 Blockchain Technology Components 261 13.8 Types of Blockchain Technology 262 13.9 Application of Blockchain in the Healthcare Industry 263 13.10 Challenges 268 13.11 Discussion and Future Aspects 268 13.12 Conclusion 270 References 270 14 Creative Strategies to Protect Patients’ Health Records and Confidentiality Using Blockchain Technology 275 V. Karthikeyan, G. Kirubakaran, K. Gopalakrishnan and S. Sridhar Raj 14.1 Introduction to Health Records and Confidentiality 276 14.2 Understanding Blockchain Technology 280 14.3 Advantages of BC for Health Record Security 282 14.4 Key Concepts in Applying Blockchain to Healthcare Data 284 14.5 Blockchain-Based Identity and Access Management (IAM) 289 14.6 Secure Health Data Sharing Through Blockchain 291 14.7 Patient Consent and Control in Blockchain-Enabled Systems 294 14.8 Regulatory and Ethical Considerations 295 14.9 Case Studies and Best Practices 296 14.10 Future Directions and Challenges in Blockchain-Based Health Record Protection 305 14.11 Conclusion and Recommendations for the Healthcare Industry 314 References 315 15 Blockchain: A New Frontier in Secure Patient Data Management 319 Sagarika Kabra, Sonal Sharma and Monika Sachdeva 15.1 Introduction 319 15.2 Present Scenario of Blockchain Technology 320 15.3 Role of WHO in Healthcare Management Through Blockchain 320 15.4 Blockchain in Healthcare and Its Need 321 15.5 Compatible Characteristics of Blockchain for Healthcare System 322 15.6 Blockchain in Healthcare Areas: Conditions and Status 323 15.7 Securing Storage of Medical Data by Blockchain 323 15.8 Certain Kinds of Challenges are Faced While Using Blockchain 325 15.9 An Advanced Solution and Future Directions in Blockchain: Heterogeneous Medicare Data in Cloud Environment 327 15.10 Combination of Blockchain with IOMT in Data Management 329 15.11 Patient Flowchart in Using Blockchain Technology 329 15.12 Future Perspectives 330 15.13 Implications and Conclusions 331 References 332 16 A Block Chain-Enabled Novel Intelligent System Analysis for Medical Image Processing of Kidney Stone Prediction Using Deep Learning Techniques and Augmented Reality 335 Senthil G. A., R. Prabha, K. Latha and S. Sridevi 16.1 Introduction 336 16.2 Literature Review 338 16.3 Methodology 340 16.4 Experiments 344 16.5 Results and Discussion 348 16.6 Conclusion 350 16.7 Future Work 351 References 352 17 Decentralization and Virtual Reality: The Role of Blockchain Technology in Shaping the Metaverse and Social Media Interactions 355 Archan Mitra, Sayani Das and Shruti Shaw Introduction 356 Literature Review 359 Research Gap 361 Problem Statement 362 Methodology 363 Research Design 363 Findings 386 Discussions 388 Interpretation of Findings 388 Implications for Stakeholders 388 Conclusions 389 Summary of Findings 389 Limitations 389 Scope for Further Research 390 Implications 390 References 390 18 Blockchain’s Impact in Clinical Trials: A Revolution for Transparency, Efficiency, and Ethical Conduct in Drug Development 393 S. Mahaboob Hussain, Balakrishna Akula and Manuel J. Cabral S. Reis 18.1 Introduction 394 18.2 Challenges in Clinical Drug Trials 396 18.3 Blockchain Technology Overview 398 18.4 Transformative Applications of Blockchain in Clinical Trials 403 18.5 Regulatory Compliance and Ethical Considerations 406 18.6 Conclusion 408 References 409 19 Drug Recall Management for Pharmaceutical Industry from Blockchain Perspective 413 S. Mahirah, B. Geetha, N. Harikrishnan and S. Preethi Priyadarshini 19.1 Introduction 414 19.2 Pharmaceutical Industry Operations 414 19.3 Drug Recall 417 19.4 Challenges in Healthcare 421 19.5 Blockchain in the Pharma Industry 423 19.6 Conclusion 426 References 427 20 Blockchain-Based Drug Recall Management 429 Manoj Kumar Mahto, Durgesh Srivastava and Jabar H. Yousif 20.1 Introduction 429 20.2 Blockchain Technology Overview 432 20.3 Enhancing Transparency 434 20.4 Automating Recall Procedures 436 20.5 Challenges and Opportunities 439 20.6 Regulatory Considerations 440 20.7 Future Prospects 442 20.8 Conclusion 444 References 445 21 Counterfeit Drug Prevention Through Blockchain 447 Dhara Patel, Grishma Patel, Vivek Patel and Jayvadan K. Patel 21.1 Introduction 448 21.2 Defining Counterfeit Pharmaceuticals 448 21.3 Counterfeiting—Not Merely a “Developing” Issue 449 21.4 Statistics on Counterfeit Drug Incidents and Impact on Public Health 451 21.5 Drug Supply Chain in the Pharmaceutical Sector 453 21.6 Key Challenges with the Existing Supply Chain System 454 21.7 Existing Approaches to Prevent Counterfeiting 455 21.8 Need of Blockchain-Based Approaches 455 21.9 Application of Blockchain in Pharmaceutical Supply Chain to Prevent Drug Counterfeiting 462 21.10 Principal Obstacles to Blockchain Technology Implementation in the Healthcare Sector 463 21.11 Conclusion 464 References 465 22 Ensemble Learning and Blockchain‐Driven Pharmaceutical Supply Chain Optimization: Enhancing Accessibility and Transparency—A Review 469 Jagdish Pimple, Praveen Sen, Neeranjan Chitare, Manoj Chaudhari, Sweta Raut, Ashish Dandekar, Deepali Baghel and Shraddha Raut 22.1 Introduction 470 22.2 Problem Statement 472 22.3 Related Work 473 22.4 Proposed Approach 475 22.5 Proposed System Block Diagram 476 22.6 Process Flow of the Proposed Approach 476 22.7 Objectives of the Proposed Approach 476 22.8 Background Study 478 22.9 Expected Outcome 488 22.10 Conclusion 489 References 489 23 PharmaSecure: A Blockchain Approach to Supply Management 493 Pulkit Kumar and Harpreet Kaur Channi 23.1 Introduction 493 23.2 Pharmaceutical Supply Chain Challenges 496 23.3 Blockchain Technology Overview 499 23.4 Blockchain Framework for Pharmaceutical Supply Chain 501 23.5 Implementation Challenges 503 23.6 Case Studies 505 23.7 Future Trends and Developments 507 23.8 Recommendations and Best Practices 509 23.9 Conclusion 510 References 511 24 Hybrid Technologies in Blockchain‐Based Smart Healthcare System 515 Pooja Mohan and Vibhor Mohan 24.1 Introduction 515 24.2 Blockchain Technology for Healthcare 516 24.3 Hybrid Technology as Blockchain Enablers for Healthcare Revival Services 518 24.4 Security and Privacy Solutions in Blockchain-Based Healthcare 522 24.5 Conclusion 523 References 524 25 Metaverse: Revolutionizing Healthcare in a Virtual Realm 529 Kashish Gupta and Sandeep Mathur 25.1 Introduction to Metaverse 530 25.2 Origins and Evolution of the Metaverse 530 25.3 The Current State of the Metaverse 530 25.4 The Metaverse and Society 531 25.5 Revolution in Social Networking 531 25.6 Enhancing Physical and Mental Health with Metaverse: Promoting Wellness in the Digital Age 532 25.7 The Role of Metaverse in Healthcare in the Future 539 References 541 Index 545

The 25 chapters in this volume serve as a comprehensive guide to understanding and implementing blockchain-enabled solutions in the pharmaceutical industry. The pharmaceutical industry is undergoing a holistic transformation, where innovation is key to addressing complex challenges and enabling user-centric, customized services. This book explores the potential applications of blockchain technology in revolutionizing pharmaceutical processes. By integrating blockchain fundamentals, the pharmaceutical industry can enhance transparency, security, and efficiency in areas such as supply chain management, patient safety, and more. Blockchain can also improve regulatory compliance, streamline clinical trials, and protect data integrity. Furthermore, it enables secure transactions, reduces the prevalence of counterfeit drugs, and strengthens patient privacy and data management. Some of the subjects readers will find the volume covers include: How blockchain technology can revolutionize the healthcare sector by enabling a secure, decentralized, and tamper-proof system for handling patient data, and facilitating seamless information sharing across various healthcare providers • how blockchain transforms the pharmaceutical industry by enhancing drug traceability, ensuring product authenticity, and reducing counterfeit drugs • a comprehensive blockchain-based framework to improve the pharmaceutical supply chain from manufacturers to end consumers • how the Pharma-RBT solution utilizes blockchain technology to protect personally identifiable information (PII) during drug trials • the use of blockchain-based smart contracts to automate and streamline payment processes reducing transaction times and minimizing human errors • surveys how blockchain can ensure the validity of pharmaceutical products by providing an immutable and transparent ledger that tracks each phase of a drug’s lifecycle, from production to the end consumer • how blockchain can enhance the security of smart medicine vending machines • how blockchain can improve the kidney transplantation process by enhancing the security, traceability, and efficiency of donor-recipient matching, organ transportation, and post-operative care • how blockchain can contribute to the development of the metaverse by enabling decentralized ownership of virtual assets • how blockchain can improve clinical trials by enhancing transparency, efficiency, and ethical conduct in drug development • how blockchain technology can revolutionize the drug recall process • how integrating hybrid technologies with blockchain can enhance smart healthcare systems • how the metaverse can transform healthcare by offering immersive virtual environments for medical training, patient education, and remote consultations. Audience The book will appeal to researchers, scientists, and professionals in the biomedical and pharmaceutical industries, as well as computer scientists and experts in blockchain technology, cybersecurity, and logistics.