This book describes a broad area of nanomedicine which involves mainly applications, diseases, and diagnostics. The comprehensive coverage provides researchers, academics, and health specialists with a great tool, that includes techniques applicable to various uses.

Preface xv Part 1: Nanomedicine 1 1 High-technology Therapy Using Biomolecules or Synthetic Compounds for HIV Inhibition 3 Elvis Fosso-Kankeu, Pascaline Fontehand Ajay K.Mishra 1.1 Gene Therapy Including RNAHigh-Technology Against HIV 4 1.2 Metals and HIV Therapy 16 1.3 Conclusions 26 References 27 2 Emerging Nanomedicine Approaches for Osteochondral Tissue Regeneration 39 Author Lineis Missing 2.1 Introduction 39 2.2 Emerging NanomedicineApproaches 42 References 54 3 Synthesis of Poly(Methacrylate) Encapsulated Magnetite Nanoparticles via Phosphonic Acid Anchoring Chemistry and Its Applications Toward Biomedicine 63 B. Kothandapaniand Ajay K. Mishra 3.1 Introduction 64 3.2 Synthesis of Magnetite Nanoparticles 73 3.3 Application in Biomedical Fields 82 3.4 Conclusions 84 References 85 4 Potentiometric PVC Membrane Sensors and Their Analytical Applications in Pharmaceuticals and Environmental Samples at Micro- and Nano-level 87 Gamal Abel-Hafiz Mostafa 4.1 Introduction 87 4.2 Ion Selective Electrode 88 4.3 Glass Membrane Electrode 89 4.4 Characteristics of ISE 90 4.5 Preparation of PVC Membrane 94 4.6 Method of Preparation of the Liquid Membrane ISEs 96 4.7 Application of Ion Selective Electrodes in Pharmaceutical and Environmental Analysis Using 97 4.8 Conclusion 123 References 127 5 Bioceramics: Silica-based Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Materials for Medical Applications 135 Sadanand Pandey and Shivani B. Mishra 5.1 Introduction 136 5.2 Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Materials 141 5.3 Tissue Engineering 146 5.4 Other Organic-Inorganic Bioceramics for Medical Applications 150 5.5 Conclusion 156 5.6 Considerations and Future Directions 157 Acknowledgement 157 References 158 6 Recent Advances of Multifunctional Nanomedicines 163 Pradeep Pratap Singh and Ambika 6.1 Introduction 163 6.2 Nanomaterials of Biomedical Interest 164 6.3 Target-specificPharmacotherapy: Need for Nanocarrier Delivery Systems 165 6.4 Engineering of Pharmaceutical Nanosystems 166 6.5 Applications of Pharmaceutical Nanotools 180 6.6 Nanotoxicity 181 6.7 Future prospects 182 6.8 Conclusion 183 References 184 7 Nanomedicinal Approaches for Diabetes Management 189 Prashant Kumar Raiand Ajay Kumar Mishra 7.1 Introduction: The Motivation behind the Chapter 189 7.2 Type of Diabetes 191 7.3 Treatments for Diabetes 192 7.4 Why the Interest in Nanomedicine Research? 193 7.5 The Vision of Nanotechnology and its Clinical Applications for Diabetes 194 7.6 Summary 195 Acknowledgements 195 References 195 8 Polymeric Nanofibersin Regenerative Medicine 197 Narayan Chandra Mishra and Sharmistha Mitra (Majumder) 8.1 Introduction 197 8.2 Preparation of Nanofibers 199 8.3 RecentAdvances onApplication of Polymeric Nanofibersin Regenerative Medicine 201 8.4 Conclusions 222 References 222 Part 2: Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 227 9 Multifunctional Nano/Micro Polymer Capsules as Potential 229 Haider Sami, J. Jaishree, Ashok Kumar and Sri Sivakumar 9.1 Introduction 230 9.2 Synthesis of Polymer Capsules 232 9.3 Properties of Multilayered Polymer Capsules 237 9.4 Loading of Therapeutics 239 9.5 Stimuli-responsive Polymer Capsules 242 9.6 Multifunctional Hybrid Capsules 255 9.7 Targeted Polymer Capsules 267 9.8 BiomedicalApplications 268 9.9 Outlook and Future Prospects 274 References 274 10 Nanophosphors-Nanogold Immunoconjugates in Isolation of Biomembranes and in Drug Delivery 285 Dwijendra Gupta, Dhruv Kumar, Manish Dwivedi, Vijay Tripathi, Pratibha Phadke-Gupta and Surya Pratap Singh 10.1 Introduction 286 10.2 Nanoparticle Technology 287 10.3 The Versatility of Nanoparticles in Biological Sciences 288 10.4 Materials and Methods 293 10.5 Nanotags for Bio-labeling and Targeting: Nanophosphors or Quantum Dots 297 10.6 AFM Study of CdS and BSATagged ZnS-Mn Nanoparticles 302 10.7 Nano-Conjugates in Drug Delivery 304 10.8 Nanoparticle-mediated Drug Delivery and Nanotherapeutics 305 10.9 The Limitations of QDs 306 10.10 Summary 307 Acknowledgements 308 References 309 11 Cyclodextrin-based Nanoengineered Drug Delivery System 313 Jaya Lakkakula and Rui Werner Maçedo Krause 11.1 Introduction 314 11.2 Inclusion Complex Formation 316 11.3 Phase Solubility Relationships 318 11.4 Effect of Cyclodextrin on Drug Formulation 321 11.5 Cyclodextrin-based Drug Delivery 324 11.6 Cyclodextrins in Novel Drug Delivery Systems (DDS) 331 11.7 Conclusion 335 Acknowledgements 335 References 338 12 Medicinal Patches and Drug Nanoencapsulation 343 María H. Lissarrague, Hernan Garate, Melisa E. Lamanna, Norma B. D’Accorso and Silvia N.Goyanes 12.1 Introduction 343 12.2 Overview of Passive Skin Permeation (Passive Patches) 344 12.3 Recent Development on Skin Permeation 357 12.4 Drug Encapsulation 361 12.5 Triggered Release 369 12.6 Conclusions 374 References 374 13 Dendrimers: AClass of Polymer in the Nanotechnology for the Drug Delivery 379 Sunil K.Singh and Vivek K. Sharma 13.1 Introduction 379 13.2 Historical Origin of Dendrimers 380 13.3 Structure of Dendrimers 381 13.4 Terms Used in Dendrimer Chemistry 383 13.5 Types of Dendrimers 385 13.6 Application of Dendrimers 392 13.7 Dendrimers in Oral Drug Delivery 394 13.8 Dendrimers in Transdermal Drug Delivery 396 13.9 Dendrimers in Ocular Drug Delivery 398 13.10 Dendrimers inAnticancer Drug Delivery 399 13.11 Dendrimers in Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment 401 13.12 Conclusion 411 References 411 14 Designing Nanocarriers for Drug Delivery 417 Munishwar N. Gupta and Joyeeta Mukherjee 14.1 Introduction 417 14.2 Sizes, Shapes andAdvantages of Nanomaterials 418 14.3 Bioconjugation Strategies 421 14.4 Carbon Nanotubes 429 14.5 Drug Targeting 434 14.6 Future Perspectives 436 Acknowledgements 437 References 437 15 Multifunctional Polymeric Micelles for Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 443 Alicia Sawdon and Ching-An Peng 15.1 Introduction 443 15.2 Composition, Formation and Characterization of Polymeric Micelles 444 15.3 Polymeric Micelles for Cancer Chemotherapy 450 15.4 Targeting Schemes 457 15.5 Polymeric Micelles for Diagnostics and Imaging 465 15.6 Conclusions 467 References 467 16 Nanoparticles-based Carriers for Gene Therapy and Drug Delivery 477 Marketa Ryvolova, Jana Drbohlavova, Kristyna Smerkova, Jana Chomoucka, Pavlina Sobrova,Vojtech Adam, PavelKopel, Jaromir Hubalek and Rene Kizek 16.1 Introduction 478 16.2 Targeted Delivery 478 16.3 Conclusion 494 References 494

The book provides a comprehensive in-depth multidisciplinary integration of fundamental concepts and applications of the emerging multifunctional nanomedicines in the areas of medicine, drug delivery, and therapeutics. In the last couple of decades, the development of new biomedical, electronic, and optical tools has provided a unique opportunity to look at materials on a nanoscale. The resultant nanotechnology boom has significantly affected the biological sciences and related areas; imaging at a subcellular level and precise delivery of drugs to tissues are two such important areas. Nanomedicine for Drug Delivery and Therapeutics focuses mainly on the broad areas of research and applications. It presents both a comprehensive overview of the fundamental concepts as well as a practical guide for numerous applications. This exciting new text: Covers the current surgical interventions to treat osteochondral defects, including the nanomaterials developed for osteochondral regenerationPresents the principles of regenerative medicine, the electrospinning process for the production of nanofibersHighlights many anticancer agents, antiviral/bacterial agents, and nucleic acids that are encapsulated in delivery nanotechnology systemsSummarizes recent techniques for drug encapsulation, their stimuli-controlled release, passive skin permeation, and transdermal drug administration mechanismsSummarizes the cyclodextrin-based nano-carriers in different areas of drug delivery, particularly for oral, gene, or transdermal deliveriesExplores current developments in gene therapy and metal-based therapy with respect to the design of effective drugs for the treatment of HIV infectionDiscusses applications of organic–inorganic hybrid bio-ceramicsCorrelates the applications of nanomedicines in diabetes management and nanotechnologyReviews the preparative methods of nano-phosphors, their protein-conjugates, and various physical characterizations to evaluate their possible use in membrane isolation and nano-therapeuticsIntroduces the potentiometric PVC membrane sensors using different approaches Audience This book is required reading for all those researchers and practitioners who are interested in a comprehensive overview of fundamental concepts and various applications in the multidisciplinary areas of medicine, drug delivery, and therapeutics. As the book covers a wide area of research that integrates biology, chemistry, physics, electronics, sensors, materials science, engineering, and nanotechnology, it also serves as an interdisciplinary guide for post-graduate researchers solving a multitude of research problems.