This book has been written in response to the many physicians and scien­ tists working on the development of biological approaches to providing therapies for many orthopaedic disorders as well as to improving the healing of many tissues of the musculoskeletal system.

I: Background.- 1. Gene Therapy in Orthopaedics.- 2. The Use of Different Viral Vectors and Strategies for Gene Transfer to the Musculoskeletal System.- II: Gene Therapy Applications for the Musculoskeletal System.- 3. Regional Gene Therapy for Hard Tissues.- 4. Potential Applications of Gene Therapy to the Treatment of Spinal Disorders.- 5. The Development of Approaches Based on Gene Therapy to Improve Muscle Healing Following Injury.- 6. Nonviral Gene Therapy: Application in the Repair of Osteochondral Articular Defects.- 7. The Potential of Gene Therapy for Osteogenesis Imperfecta.- 8. The Role of Nitric Oxide as a Candidate Molecule for Gene Therapy in Sports Injuries.- III: Tissue Engineering in Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine.- 9. Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering.- 10. Tissue Engineering of Ligament Healing.- 11. Muscle-Based Tissue Engineering for Orthopaedic Applications.- 12. Application of Tissue Engineering to Cartilage Repair.- IV: Hurdles and Development of New Vectors for Gene Therapy and Tissue Engineering.- 13. Immune Reaction Following Cell and Gene Therapy.- 14. Vectors for Gene Transfer to Joints.- 15. Adeno-Associated Virus (AAV) for Musculoskeletal Gene Transfer.

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